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Abstract
The shift in the ṣalāt ʿalā al-nabī, from an individual or initiatory form of piety to a regular and collective pious practice, marks a turning point in the history of devotion to the Prophet. By presenting and analyzing a collection of majālis of prayer on the Prophet composed by Barakāt b. Aḥmad al-ʿArūsī [al-Qusanṭīnī] (d. circa 897/1492), an Ifrīqiyan ‘ālim sūfī, in 877/1473, shortly after the Dalāʾil al-khayrāt by al-Jazūlī (d. 869/1465), the present chapter aims to show that the Maghreb played an unsuspected and little-known part in this shift. It examines the early functions of this collection, providing evidence of one of the first assemblies of prayer on the Prophet in this part of the Muslim world, on its modern and contemporary circulation and uses, and on the long career of this book of Prophetic piety. It also casts light on its different motifs and impulses, and on the love, veneration and hope for the Prophet expressed by these poems of praise and prayer. Their role in imploring the Prophet for worldly succour and for intercession at Judgement Day are equally highlighted, as well as the role played by Sufism in the perpetuation and spread of such assemblies.
Author:
Abstract
The literary genre of letters addressed to the tomb of the Prophet (al-Rawḍa al-nabawiyya), saluting him and invoking his intercession for worldly and eschatological matters was particularly popular in al-Andalus. The immediate motivation for the writing of such letters seems to be the inability of their authors, and of the people commissioning them, to visit the holy places of the Ḥijāz and perform the ziyāra at the Prophet’s tomb; these letters also provided an opportunity for their authors to express in a direct style their feelings of yearning at being far from Medina and the holy sanctuary of Mecca, and their love for and attachment to the Prophet, whose noble virtues and eminent qualities they praise, along with the marks of his election by God; they also express their personal worries, grievances and complaints. They seek consolation, comfort, help here and intercession in the hereafter.
In the representations of the Prophet and of his role, the letter written by Ibn al-Khaṭīb in the name of the Nasrid ruler Abū Hajjāj Yūsuf reveals the importance of the themes of the Prophetic light, his ontological primordiality and his role in cosmogenesis, the pre-eminence of the Prophet on the other messengers, and the excellence of his character. The exaltation of this protective figure of the Prophet reflects a time of war and unrest, of which the letter of Ibn al-Khatīb is strongly imbued. If the protection of the Prophet for his community is required to confront and defeat the enemies of the latter whose superiority is shown as overwhelming, his intercession is also sought for the Day of Counting, very present in this letter. The author gives free rein to the effusion and to an intimate, emotional and personal relationship with the prophet Muḥammad, which is not unlike that which his Companions had with him. A proper ritual function is assigned to the letter, called to replace its sender (fa-tuʾaddī ʿan ʿabdika wa-tuballigh) in the accomplishment of ziyāra and in all the acts of piety and devotion that are accomplished by the pilgrims.
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Résumé
Cet article tente de montrer, à travers l’examen d’un corpus varié de sources, notamment de textes de consultations juridiques et de témoignages de la littérature bio-hagiographique, la variété des positions développées par les juristes du Maghreb médiéval, concernant la visite pieuse ou ziyāra. La croyance dans l’intercession des saints dans leurs tombes, lieux sacralisés et porteurs de baraka, pour lesquels on peut prendre monture, est largement partagée au Maghreb médiéval et focalise aussi bien le commun des fidèles que les ulémas les plus rassis. L’interdit de l’invocation par la médiation du saint, attribué à Mālik, est loin d’être suivi. D’éminents juristes, connus pour traquer les « innovations blâmables » (bidaʿ), reconnaissent la licéité de la ziyāra voire du pèlerinage aux tombeaux des saints et la médiation de ces morts illustres et de leur sépulture, nonobstant certains rituels objet de réprobation. L’article permet de tester la grande capacité d’adaptation de la norme aux réalités sociales et au vécu religieux des hommes, et nous renvoie de cette même norme l’image, non pas d’un corps figé de doctrines intangibles, mais d’une variété d’attitudes, de positions et de « regards savants ». Il montre, une fois de plus, l’impasse à laquelle nous conduisent les approches durcissant par trop l’opposition entre orthodoxie ou encore orthopraxie -qui serait l’apanage d’un islam donné comme savant-, et hétérodoxie que l’on a souvent assimilée à l’islam populaire, alors même que leurs limites sont poreuses, mouvantes et en constante redéfinition.
In:
Studia Islamica
Volume 3, Prophetic Piety: Individual and Collective Manifestations
This third collective volume of the series The Presence of the Prophet explores the expressions of piety and devotion to the person of the Prophet and their individual and collective significance in early modern and modern times. The authors provide a rich collection of regional case studies on how the Prophet’s presence and aura are individually and collectively evoked in dreams, visions, and prayers, in the performance of poetry in his praise, in the devotion to relics related to him, and in the celebration of his birthday. They also highlight the role of the Prophetic figure in the identity formation of young Muslims and cover the controversies and compromises which nowadays shape the devotional practices centered on the Prophet.
Contributors
Nelly Amri, Emma Aubin-Boltanski, Sana Chavoshian, Rachida Chih, Vincent Geisser, Denis Gril, Mohamed Amine Hamidoune, David Jordan, Hanan Karam, Kai Kresse, Jamal Malik,Youssef Nouiouar, Luca Patrizi, Thomas Pierret, Stefan Reichmuth, Youssouf T. Sangaré, Besnik Sinani, Fabio Vicini and Ines Weinrich.
Contributors
Nelly Amri, Emma Aubin-Boltanski, Sana Chavoshian, Rachida Chih, Vincent Geisser, Denis Gril, Mohamed Amine Hamidoune, David Jordan, Hanan Karam, Kai Kresse, Jamal Malik,Youssef Nouiouar, Luca Patrizi, Thomas Pierret, Stefan Reichmuth, Youssouf T. Sangaré, Besnik Sinani, Fabio Vicini and Ines Weinrich.
Volume 3, Prophetic Piety: Individual and Collective Manifestations
This third collective volume of the series The Presence of the Prophet explores the expressions of piety and devotion to the person of the Prophet and their individual and collective significance in early modern and modern times. The authors provide a rich collection of regional case studies on how the Prophet’s presence and aura are individually and collectively evoked in dreams, visions, and prayers, in the performance of poetry in his praise, in the devotion to relics related to him, and in the celebration of his birthday. They also highlight the role of the Prophetic figure in the identity formation of young Muslims and cover the controversies and compromises which nowadays shape the devotional practices centered on the Prophet.
Contributors
Nelly Amri, Emma Aubin-Boltanski, Sana Chavoshian, Rachida Chih, Vincent Geisser, Denis Gril, Mohamed Amine Hamidoune, David Jordan, Hanan Karam, Kai Kresse, Jamal Malik,Youssef Nouiouar, Luca Patrizi, Thomas Pierret, Stefan Reichmuth, Youssouf T. Sangaré, Besnik Sinani, Fabio Vicini and Ines Weinrich.
Contributors
Nelly Amri, Emma Aubin-Boltanski, Sana Chavoshian, Rachida Chih, Vincent Geisser, Denis Gril, Mohamed Amine Hamidoune, David Jordan, Hanan Karam, Kai Kresse, Jamal Malik,Youssef Nouiouar, Luca Patrizi, Thomas Pierret, Stefan Reichmuth, Youssouf T. Sangaré, Besnik Sinani, Fabio Vicini and Ines Weinrich.
Libya Islamica is a peer reviewed book series that focuses on the different historical, geographical and cultural aspects within the borders of present-day Libya, from the Islamic conquest (1st/7th century) until the establishment of the Ottoman rule (10th/16th century). The series covers a range of topics, such as the study of autonomous powers, networks and prosopography, local and regional histories, popular memories, intellectual productions, documents and deposits, linguistic variety, archaeology and epigraphy, material cultures and heritage, etc.
Libya Islamica welcomes the submission of monographs, edited volumes, critical editions in the original languages and scripts, and annotated translations. The series aims to make available material from manuscripts held in Libyan libraries through critical editions and translations of primary sources. This makes accessible previously undisclosed materials and contributes to improved historiographical perspectives.
The series serves as a publishing platform for the academic output of the LibMed project that started in 2021 and aims to uncover hitherto unknown aspects and material from medieval Libya.
The submissions will mainly be in Arabic, English and French, but works in other languages can be considered too.
Libya Islamica welcomes the submission of monographs, edited volumes, critical editions in the original languages and scripts, and annotated translations. The series aims to make available material from manuscripts held in Libyan libraries through critical editions and translations of primary sources. This makes accessible previously undisclosed materials and contributes to improved historiographical perspectives.
The series serves as a publishing platform for the academic output of the LibMed project that started in 2021 and aims to uncover hitherto unknown aspects and material from medieval Libya.
The submissions will mainly be in Arabic, English and French, but works in other languages can be considered too.