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History and Phenomenology of a Janus-faced Emotion
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Wounded pride of the hero motivated one of the primal poems, pride of the angel caused his downfall and hubris of man cost him his expulsion from earthly paradise and the sale of his soul to the devil. Different forms of pride play a central role in many myths. This book conscientiously reviews the history of these emotions, literary recreations and philosophical approaches and accounts for their relevance in the contemporary world. It offers an original phenomenology of pride, which draws on preceding historical and analytical work, and a conceptual and musical speculation on the future of posthuman pride.
History and Phenomenology of a Janus-faced Emotion
Author:
Wounded pride of the hero motivated one of the primal poems, pride of the angel caused his downfall and hubris of man cost him his expulsion from earthly paradise and the sale of his soul to the devil. Different forms of pride play a central role in many myths. This book conscientiously reviews the history of these emotions, literary recreations and philosophical approaches and accounts for their relevance in the contemporary world. It offers an original phenomenology of pride, which draws on preceding historical and analytical work, and a conceptual and musical speculation on the future of posthuman pride.
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Abstract
Next, I tackle fully the most relevant contemporary phenomenon with respect to the illustrious ancestry of aristocratic pride: the generalization of popular pride. The core idea around which contemporary understanding of pride pivots is equality. My approach will be supported by the contrast between the aristocratism of Ortega and the democratism of Machado. In this way, the complementarity between the philosophical approach and literary recreation is renewed in a very distinct context, which is so fruitful in the case of Judaeo-Christian prehistory. At this point, I will offer a thesis on the similarities and differences between the feeling of resentment, correctly analyzed by Nietzsche and what I call, following Ortega, the feeling of mass pride.
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Pride and humility are also determinant in original Christianity. To examine Christian humility, we will await the arrival of an exceptional guest. The Nietzschean interpretation of Christianity allows us to recover the Greek heroes and other ancient heroes. I try to set out with some precision the Nietzschean idea of the transvaluation of values and his interpretation of Christian humility from the perspective of resentment, as well as offering an alternative interpretation. In this way, I hope to create a context for the singularity of a completely new kind of love and pride: those of the great Zarathustra, the atheist.
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Finally, I present some tentative considerations on the morals and pride or post-pride of the post-human supermen and my thesis on the transvaluation of pride, which are supported by a sustained comparison between conceptual analysis and musical analysis.
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Aquinas establishes an essential difference between moral hubris and spiritual hubris, which will lead him to his magisterial interpretation of the angelic and the human sins. In my understanding, in the case of the original sin of human beings, the Thomist interpretation is surprising and much more incisive than that of other famous theological and philosophical readings by which it was long obscured and which it contradicts.
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After some brief indications on the most important sciences affecting pride (psychology and pedagogy), I undertake its analysis from an inherently philosophical perspective, through the technical tools of the phenomenology of feelings and emotions. First, I try to show that the formulas, so closely related, which we have found in ordinary language—the feeling of self-value—and mediaeval conceptual analysis—disordered appetite for one’s own excellence—may serve as a starting and meeting point for a great diversity of linguistic, historical and philosophical approaches. I call this logical unit the essence of pride, but I am quick to add that this essence is nothing without its historical and conceptual variants, which I conscientiously review.
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In this and the next chapter, we move to another world: the fundamental sources of pride and hubris as a sin in the Jewish and Christian religions. The study of pride is inconceivable without the theological dimension. The sin of the angel and the sin of the human are sins of pride. But pride comes in various forms, which are not evident, and a certain care is required to distinguish them adequately. The nature of angelic sin and human sin is the subject of controversy, both inside and outside the Christian tradition. My proposals are based on a specific use of theological and literary sources in a firm commitment to analysis and the theses of Thomas Aquinas. In his thought I have found the firmest and most profound guide for both the understanding of hubris and for the comprehension of angelic sin and human sin. His conceptual proposal is to characterize pride as ‘disordered appetite for one’s own excellence’, which agrees with the linguistic definitions of pride we have previously examined, with the new added element of disorder, on which we will have to concentrate later.
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The intellectual pride of the two greatest philosophers (Plato and Aristotle) is manifested in two emblematic places: the government of the philosopher-kings and the moral ideal of magnanimity. To be noted in both cases are both the axiological roots of knowledge and the direction they take: political praxis and moral praxis. There is also a famous, specifically Greek form—húbris—whose interpretation will have to be qualified. Perhaps it is less well-known that in Greece other very different types of pride also appear, which also represent an anticipation of some which we consider to be contemporaneous: democratic pride and popular pride. The latter appears in the form of peasant pride. But what we can highlight historically with two words is the result of complex processes and gradual transformations. That is why it is advisable to take a brief look both at the history of the facts and of the mentalities, the history of Greek democracy and sophist thought.
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This chapter is introductory and it deals with the basic dualities of pride and hubris, emotion and character. The fundamental duality of pride is patent in ordinary language. It is expressed and modulated in a variety of ways and recorded in diverse ways in dictionaries. I base my exposition on the language I am at ease in, which is my own; but I also consider other languages close to it, because different languages express various aspects of the phenomena and their history with singular skill. Today’s ordinary language when talking about pride allows us to establish conceptual coordinates of great use for both historical and philosophical analysis. It is usually distinguished between a positive and negative use of the term.
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