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This paper explores ways to enhance overseas Chinese graduate employability by taking Finnish-educated Chinese students/graduates as an example. In so doing, it understands that graduate employability development is a joint effort of multiple stakeholders including students, graduates, academics, program coordinators, employers, and policymakers. Accordingly, it provides arguments and suggestions for how to enhance the employability of these graduates in terms of the labor market context, employers’ beliefs and actions, the responsibilities of higher education institutions, and student/graduate commitment. It also points out two major challenges faced by overseas Chinese graduates as well as their educational providers, which are linked respectively to gaps between what graduates acquire in higher education and what is required in the labor market, as well as gaps from the employers’ perspective: areas where employers need to understand more about universities and catch up with new ideas generated by them.
While there is a common belief among policymakers and academics around the world that Triple Helix relationships between university, industry and government provide optimal conditions for innovation, it should be noted that the Triple Helix concept has been developed from the experience of advanced economies in the West. There is a lack of theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on whether the Triple Helix model is applicable in non-Western contexts. Following the understanding that the evolution of an ideal Triple Helix model is facilitated by certain institutional logics in Western societies, this paper takes China as an example to examine how the institutional logics in China are different from those of the West and how the institutional logics in China would promote or impede the development of the Triple Helix model in China in light of an extensive review of the relevant literature and policy documents. The study suggests that to optimise the Chinese innovation policies, China needs on the one hand to adjust some elements of its institutional environment to facilitate the interactions between key innovation actors and on the other hand to be innovative in developing its own Triple Helix modes given the unique Chinese institutional environment which will persist in the foreseeable future.
Abstract
This article proposes the neo-Triple Helix model of innovation ecosystems by integrating the Triple, Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models, inspired by Lewontin’s gene, organism and environment Triple Helix metaphor. The model considers innovation ecosystems evolved through interactions between 1) innovation dynamics (or innovation genes), 2) social structures and 3) the natural environment. The systems include two-layer triple helix interactions (or triads): university, industry and government at the gene level, and innovation genes, social structures and the natural environment at the system level. Innovation dynamics are conceptualised by integrating the neo-institutional and neo-evolutionary perspectives of the Triple Helix model. The dialectical relationships between innovation genes, social structures and the natural environment are primarily explained using aspects of the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models. The neo-Triple Helix model clarifies debates on different helix innovation models, advances helical approaches through synergy building and can guide empirical research and policy design on innovation ecosystems.
Abstract
When it comes to the second decade of the 21st century, the cooperation between the European Union (EU) and China in higher education has been evolving from 1.0 era, when the focus was on policy dialogues and practical collaboration in the higher education sector only, to 2.0 era, when EU-China higher education cooperation becomes an integral and important part of the EU-China strategic partnership. Nevertheless, the many stakeholders in EU-China higher education cooperation are not yet aware of such change. Primarily from China’s perspective, the chapter aims to provide an overview of policies and practices of EU-China higher education cooperation in 1.0 era, and also discuss the transition to EU-China higher education cooperation in the context of building an EU-China strategic partnership in 2.0 era. The analysis shows that the EU and China have achieved fruitful outcomes in higher education cooperation in 1.0 Era, especially in the increase of joint education provision, the deepening and expansion of research collaboration, and also the growth of individual mobility between both sides. The positive outcomes have also enhanced the compatibility of the EU’s and China’s expectations in cooperation with each other in higher education and led them into a more comprehensive partnership development in 2.0 era, fitting into the EU-China strategic partnership framework. The chapter also highlights that the recently launched China’s New Silk Road Policy has brought in a new perspective in the current landscape of international higher education cooperation and may affect the EU-China higher education cooperation in the future. The study applies an on-desk qualitative research method by analysing secondary data, such as academic literature, governmental policy documents, and strategic documents.