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, 1999. Lurie, D. Barnett. Realms of Literacy: Early Japan and the History of Writing . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, 2011. McHale, S. Frederick. Print and Power: Confucianism, Communism, and Buddhism in the Making of Modern Vietnam . Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press

edicts. A second important period was the introduction of Confucianism in the civil service examinations (121  BCE ), revived by the Sui emperors (589–618) and refined during the Tang dynasty (618–907), which required Han and non-Han elites alike to master tens of thousands of Chinese characters. 3 Non