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we mostly do today. Progressivism strenuously opposed schools taking a position in the “sectarian,” internecine doctrinal and political debates of Protestantism. 21 But anti-sectarianism did not imply a rejection of the nondenominational Protestantism typical of American schools into the second half

suggested that this view is a misreading of the church and state concept, and somewhat wickedly, that secularism is a Protestant concept that would be unknown in most of the world, and that the effect of this practice constitutes a form of prejudice against religion and would result in a “naked public

said to undermine religious authority. In the US, orthodox Catholics, Jews, and Muslims sometimes claim that their children are being “protestantized,” since Protestant congregationalism is much closer to democracy than their own organizational practices are. At the same time, fundamentalist

discrimination. On the other hand, liberalism grants the right to private institutions to determine their own rules, even if these are discriminatory. Few liberals would insist that a synagogue accept non-Jews as equal members or that the Catholic Church allow Protestants to become priests. To complicate matters

takes Protestant Christianity as its model, privileging belief and being inattentive to disciplinary practices in Islam and monastic Christianity. Thus, the secular must be analyzed through Western historical formations that show the transition to Protestant forms of thinking. 12 Fitzgerald 13 argues

. 2. Islam and state: Founding intentions at the time of the establishment of Pakistan The triumph of Protestant nationalism in late 17th century England initiated the development of the Lockean, self-limiting state, a polity in which the state does not establish a religion, nor does religion

competition between religions, with minimal interference from the federal government, was a useful tool for resolving the tensions and conflicts of interests between the various Protestant sects and the strands of deisms in America during the founding era. 15 2.2 Modern Revival The religious free market