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birth, which is astrologically significant; it is part of a cosmic order to life, which must be cultivated in turn by living human sacrifice : above all the sun (Tonatiuh) had to be kept alive through daily burnt offerings and sacrificial blood. The postmortal life of human beings, however, depended
. Böhme, New Age); in Russian Orthodox piety, however, Sophia remained a living reality in the church – in liturgical lections and hymns, and above all in church dedications and iconography. The earliest Russian churches were dedicated to St. Sophia – for example the Sophia patrocinia (late 10th cent.) of
not need care in institutions run like a hospital. This applies not only to nursing homes but also to large institutions for the disabled. Today a mental disability is regarded by experts as a “normal” variant of a human way of life, which means in principle that a person with a mental disability is
. The debate with the Enlightenment had raised questions as to the viability of traditional Judaism in the modern world and evoked a clearly perceptible need to adapt Judaism to the new conditions of Jewish life outside the medieval ghetto. Reforms were introduced in worship, including
religious communities, a geography of mentality has developed. Mentalities in this sense are orientation systems based on religious and secular ideas (ideologies, ways of life). Examples of such mentalities are the “American way of life,” anthroposophy , and “alternative” lifestyles. Religions and
opposites and thus by the logos . A primordial human experience is that no life is possible in total chaos . In De Anima and Historia Animalium , Aristotle undertook the first systematic classification of the various living beings within an ascending hierarchy according to the criterion of increasing
societies, in which the individuals act collectively like parts of a mechanism. Solidarity took on a religious significance in the strict sense in Durkheim’s classic Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912: ET: The Elementary Forms of Religious Life , 1961, 1995), in the context of his
for justifying the development of a social order. Preferably, gods are linked with the origin of aetia (e.g. as the punitive authority). Aetiology is recorded in literature, in nearly all literary genres (e.g. the aetiological conclusions of Euripedes' dramas) in Hellenism , which, motivated by an
“mores” (cf. Ger. Sitte ) refers to regular forms of common living that are relatively binding and provided by tradition. Behavior oriented to mores relates to cultural patterns that have been valid for “a long time,” and were often practiced by previous generations. M. Weber thus speaks of
. Ethics The legally regulated settlement of benefit claims distinguishes measures of the welfare state from morally motivated charity and from solidarity within society. A distinctive feature of the welfare state is its legal arrangement of various aid measures, programs and