Search Results
relationships between six of the nations of Europe.\ But in 1972 the UN Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm, which has received a great deal of attention elsewhere in this book, created a stir that motivated the European Heads of State and Government to draft a plan for Community action in this
conflicts over depleted or scarce resources or consequent to incidents of transfrontier pollution. Religious texts may motivate believers in favor of environmental pro- tection. In Judeo-Christian religious traditions, the “dominion” given humans over other living beings in the first of the Creation
uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.”1 A genetically modified organism (GMO) is one “in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination
is not the owner, but the partner, or at the most a trustee for the others. Since the land is held in trust for the unborn as well as for the living, and since it represents his part- nership in the common life of generations, he will not lightly take it upon himself to dispose of it. International
having a moral obligation of stewardship or trusteeship towards nature that implies restraint in the use of and respect for all life. Certain ethicists and activists go further and contend that living creatures should not be exploited except where unavoidable to fulfill basic human needs. The diversity
claims and accept the wastes without always being concerned with the dangers they pose. A second reason that could motivate a producer to export waste is lower disposal costs, even if the operation conforms to the law. The "importing" country could offer inexpensive possibilities of storage, for example
. It declared that the environment is not an abstraction but represents the living space, the quality of life and the very health of human beings. As a consequence, the Court found that states have the obligation to respect and protect the natural environment. In this regard, the Court recognized the
The global commons comprise territory outside the jurisdiction of any state, such as Antarctica, the atmosphere, the oceans, and outer space. 11 12 International Environmental Law It is possible that the concept of a global commons resource could also include marine life or wildlife facing
. Fish stocks, at least those that are commercially exploited and are located for part or all of their life cycle outside a national juris- diction, are over exploited everywhere, largely due to overfi shing, some author- ized and some not, despite the signifi cant expenditures incurred to address this
mod- ern era was the 1940 Western Hemisphere Conservation Convention (see § 8.1.2), followed by the 1968 OAU African Convention (see § 8.2.2.1). One of the most significant ones is the 1979 Conservation of European Wild- life and Natural Habitats (Berne Convention),118 which has fostered a host of