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, leaving almost all countries, most of their people in poverty, and living standards among the lowest in the world. Only a minority of African countries are prospering and relatively few Africans have been able to acquire more than a few tokens of the promised life the developed world symbolizes. 54
community, and it was taken for granted that one put others first. Anything that broke the established customs and prohibitions of the family, clan, or community constituted an offense. Living a morally upright life as defined by the community was the honorable path. Violation of community standards led to
moral resources and utilizing them resourcefully and actively to bring a swift change in the conditions of the African people in terms of improving their living standards. What Odera Oruka calls ‘the ethical human minimum level.’ This would be essential in marshaling all African resources and energies
that motivated so many young people to protest. The biographical in this sense refers to a linear narrative of a life, where an individual is born ‘free’ according to the legislated promise made at the end of apartheid. As the story goes, this young and ‘free’ South African comes to recognize the
hostility which can motivate them to engage in deviant and criminal behaviours ( Stiles, Liu and Kaplan, 2000 : 64). Morenoff, Sampson and Raudenbush ( 2001 : 518) opined that neighborhood-level income inequality is a significant predictor of the neighbourhood crime rate. A sharp contrast between the rich
later served as a minis- ter in three cabinets until his retirement in 2005 – on 21 November published an open appeal for tolerance and respect in the state- owned daily newspaper ‘New Era’. He wrote: “We are living in new times that require new ways of conducting political struggle. The formation of
of returning to Somaliland for many years in order to reconnect with her country of birth and relatives still living there, with whom she and her family had remained in close contact over the years, mostly through phone calls and remitting financial support on a monthly basis. She wished to see her
destitution. A further 19.3% of the population were classified as close to multiple poverty. This means that almost two-thirds of the population were living in multiple poverty. Average life expectancy was 64.8 years (62 for men and 67.3 for women). This represented a gradual increase in 170 Namibia in
war between the two countries (Tekeste and Tronvoll 2000). So, in a way, borders have haunted me as a researcher all my life. In the Horn, borders have been haunting people for a long time. In the past fifteen years or so, the region of the Horn has witnessed alessandro triulzi56 an unending
. Von Bertalanffy believed that all things, whether living or non-living, could be regarded as systems ( Joshua and Olanrewaju, 2016 , 61). It focuses attention on the whole system and also gives awareness to the relationships among its fundamental parts. On the basis of this, he drew a contrast between