the mold of traditionalist (patron-client) relations, elites act as the agents of de-modernization and re-tradi- tionalization. Organized on the principles of rational bureaucracy, elites are able to ensure modernization. Looking at the evolution of the CIS countries from this angle, the author
predicament of their clerical position. While legal venality contributed to general corruption in the Qing bureaucracy, it also leveled to a certain extent the differences between a professional yet suppressed class of bureaucrats and their amateurish yet socially esteemed scholar-literati superiors. Résumé
[German version] The term bureaucracy has no roots in the political terminology of antiquity, but is a modern French-Greek hybrid formation (Old Fr. ‘bure’, ‘burrel’ from Lat. burra). Bureaucracy refers -- also in a critical sense -- to specific organizational structures of modern states [1]. As an
V.Z. Beloye delo v Rossii, 1917–1918: Formirovaniye i evolutsiya politicheskih structur Belogo dvizheniya v Rossii. M., 2008; and others. Th e White Dictatorships’ Bureaucracy in the South of Russia: Social Structure, Living Conditions, and Performance (1918-1920) S. Karpenko Russian State