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1 Introduction 1 The economy of Turkmenistan largely rests on intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and the sale of its sizeable gas and oil resources (Solak and Sarıdoğan 2012:39). As of the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, Turkmenistan possessed 4.5 percent of the
speculated about the ongoing processes of transition in Uzbekistan, often drawing comparisons with other Central Asian countries, particularly Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. 1 The cases of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan both demonstrate that the impending and feared demise of longstanding dictatorial leaders
1 Introduction I began field research in Turkmenistan in the fall of 2015, having spent the better part of four years working with various Turkmen bureaucracies to be granted fieldwork permission. Although gaining access to Turkmenistan was a lengthy process, once there I faced few
resources. Resource reserve depletion implies that the wealth and power of China increasingly comes to depend upon uninterrupted supplies of (mainly) oil and gas from the Middle East(e.g. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and uae ), Central Asia and the Caspian Region (e.g. Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Russia) and
in two such countries: Turkmenistan and the United Arab Emirates ( uae ). I specifically analyze mosques memorializing President Saparmurat Niyazov (Turkmenbashi Ruhy Mosque) and Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque) ( see Figures 1–2 ). Both mosques are situated in the
Populations of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, were collected in two countries, Israel and Turkmenistan, in environments representing two similar sharp clines of aridity. This allowed us to use the same criteria to define species core and periphery in the two regions. Plants from 21 Israeli and 11 Turkmenian populations were analyzed for 59 putative loci by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Extent of variation was similar in populations at species border (periphery) and in populations inhabiting favorable environments away from the border (core). In contrast, the two regions (Israel and Turkmenistan) differed in extent of genetic diversity as estimated by mean number of alleles per locus, the proportion of polymorphic loci, and the percent of expected heterozygosity, with Israel harboring more variation than Turkmenistan. The genetic population structure revealed by RAPDs did not differ between species core and periphery in each region and between the two regions. The pattern of RAPD variation corresponded to inter-population mosaic structure characterized by genetic differentiation over short geographic distances.
The major conclusion of this study is that there is no simple relationship between neutral genetic variability and population location with respect to the species range (core vs. periphery).