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muwashshah ) were written entirely in Arabic script and composed in Classical Arabic, but the ending, known as the kharja /xar.ʒa/ ‘exit; closure’, was composed in Romance and Andalusian Arabic, with code-switching between the two languages. Monroe (1974: 29) puts it this way: “ The most important part
, among many others), mixed nominal constructions, as ‘ unos songs’ in (1), have remained of central interest to the study of code-switching (henceforth cs ), defined here as the seamless alternation between two or more languages in naturalistic discourse. In the extant literature on
-group relations (Gumperz 1982:66). This difference between the Israeli and American contexts is reflected in the code-switching patterns discussed below, where the insider status of Hasidic English enables a free mixing of English and Yiddish, while the outsider status of Israeli Hebrew prevents similar mixing in
argue that the אשׁר and שׁ are used in Jonah as a literary form of code-switching, subtly but clearly supporting the book’s message of theological subversion. Briefly, the linguistic facts are straightforward: while אשׁר is the predominate nominalizer for relative clauses and complement clauses in the
1 Introduction Code switching, defined as the use of more than one language in the context of a single speech event, is a typical feature of Chinese Malaysian casual conversation. Whether speaking primarily in Mandarin, English, or Chinese topolects, such as Cantonese or Hokkien