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public diplomacy 2.0, which is defined as public diplomacy efforts conducted on interactive online platforms, mostly online social networks. 3 Public diplomacy 2.0 is different from traditional public diplomacy, mostly in the sense that it aims to interact with foreign audiences in a bilateral manner
-called ‘public diplomacy 2.0’. 9 The defining features of public diplomacy 2.0, as articulated by Nicholas Cull, include: i) the capacity to facilitate the creation of relationships around social networks and online communities; ii) a dependence on user-generated content; and iii) an organization around
actors. Scholars refer to this development as ‘e-diplomacy’ or ‘public diplomacy 2.0’. 13 This refers to the use of new media in listening, engaging and influencing foreign public opinion in order to create an environment conducive to achieving national security, as well as political, cultural and
China invests heavily in policies aimed at improving its image, guarding itself against international criticism and advancing its domestic and international agenda. This volume explores how the Chinese government seeks to develop a distinct Chinese approach to public diplomacy, one that suits the country's culture and authoritarian system. Based on in-depth case studies, it provides a thorough analysis of this approach, which is characterized by a long-term vision, a dominant role for the government, an inseparable and complementary domestic dimension, and a high level of interconnectedness with China's overall foreign policy and diplomacy.
China invests heavily in policies aimed at improving its image, guarding itself against international criticism and advancing its domestic and international agenda. This volume explores how the Chinese government seeks to develop a distinct Chinese approach to public diplomacy, one that suits the country's culture and authoritarian system. Based on in-depth case studies, it provides a thorough analysis of this approach, which is characterized by a long-term vision, a dominant role for the government, an inseparable and complementary domestic dimension, and a high level of interconnectedness with China's overall foreign policy and diplomacy.
Challenges of Public Diplomacy 2.0 21 Public Diplomacy and Soft Power 23 Public Diplomacy and Propaganda 26 Subsets of Public Diplomacy 28 The Domestic Dimension and the Role of Diasporas 31 The Analytical Framework 34 Dimension I: Actors and Decision-making 35 Dimension II: Public Diplomacy Content
Digitalization of Public Diplomacy makes clear that none of the terms traditionally employed to describe this phenomenon (‘digital diplomacy’, ‘virtual diplomacy’, ‘public diplomacy 2.0.’) fully grasps the scope of the progressive impact of digital technologies on public diplomacy, nor do any of the terms offer
: PublicAffairs, 2011). 5 For works engaging the early evolution of digital engagement, see Amelia Arsenault, ‘Public Diplomacy 2.0’, in Philip Seib (ed.), Toward a New Public Diplomacy: Redirecting US Foreign Policy (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp. 135-153; and Lina Khatib, William
Marketing, (New Society Publishers 2000). Everett Rogers, Diff usion of Innovations, (Free Press: 2005). Rogers et al. “Complex Adaptive Systems and the Diff usion of Innovations”, Th e Innovation Journal: Th e Public Sector Innovation Journal, Volume 10(3). 21 James Glassman, “Public Diplomacy 2.0
early evolution of digital engagement, see Amelia Arsenault, ‘Public Diplomacy 2.0’, in Philip Seib (ed.), Toward a New Public Diplomacy: Redirecting US Foreign Policy (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp. 135-153; and Lina Khatib, William Dutton and Michael Thelwall, ‘Public Diplomacy 2.0
cultures very different from their own. The Challenges of Public Diplomacy 2.0 The development of new forms of public diplomacy with greater roles for the public is linked to and reinforced by ongoing technological developments. New technologies have created a communication dynamic in the international