CONTENTS

Editorial

Bridging art and the visual sciences

Claus-Christian Carbon and Joerg Fingerhut....................................347

Keynotes

1. Art and wonder

Jesse Prinz.......................353

2. Aesthetics and the brain

Irving Biederman..............................353

Talks

Symposium: Seeing as image thinking

1. The silence of the image and the symbolusion

Tom Lambeens and Sofie Gielis..........................................356

2. The horizon, an ambiguous way of thinking and viewing

Patrick Ceyssens....................................356

3. Seeing without knowing in the 2.5-dimensional

Griet Moors.......................................357

Talk session: How universal are aesthetics?

4. What is universal in aesthetic preference?

Branka Spehar and Richard Taylor...................................357

5. Aesthetic appreciation of cultural artifacts engages additional processes beyond a core domain-general system

Edward Vessel, Ilkay Isik, Amy Belfi, Jonathan Stahl and Gabrielle Starr.................................358

 6. Cultural differences in the aesthetic appeal of complexity in art

Joerg Fingerhut, Aenne A. Brielmann, Antónia Reindl and Jesse Prinz.............................359

 7. Symmetry preferences in Britain and Egypt

Marco Bertamini, Carole Bode and Mai Salah Helmy.....................................................359

Symposium: Space of the mind’s eye

 8. Topology of space in the picture frame

Jan Koenderink and Andrea van Doorn............................................360

 9. Image and imagination: How figure scale in medieval painting reflects visual perception

Nicole Ruta, Alistair Burleigh and Robert Pepperell...................................360

10. Framing the virtual – Creating space with time

Margit Lukács and Persijn Broersen.................................361

11. Synoptic pictorial space

Maarten Wijntjes.............................................361

Talk session: Physiology and art

12. Mobile eye tracking to explore interaction with abstract paintings – A large scale experiment in the Royal Academy

Johannes M. Zanker, Jasmina Stevanov, Jade Jackson and Tim Holmes...........................362

13. Where To Fixate (WTF): Oculomotor strategies in perception of contemporary paintings

Joanna Ganczarek and Karolina Pietras...................................363

14. Preference and approach response for smooth curvature: An ERP study

Letizia Palumbo, Neil Harrison and Marco Bertamini............................................363

15. The usefulness of mobile EEG equipment in analysis and documentation of performance art

Łukasz Kędziora.........................................364

Talk session: Mixed session

16. Beauty requires thought

Denis Pelli and Aenne A. Brielmann..................................364

17. True art experience: What we can learn from ecological contexts, settings, and material

Claus-Christian Carbon...................................365

18. Auto-ritratto: Self-portraiture, dyadic consciousness and the auto-regressive Eigenfunction – beyond Gödel, Escher and Bach

Christopher Tyler..........................................366

19. On the edge of attractive chaos in a series of semi-abstract photographs by Dominique Genin

Nathalie Vissers, Pieter Moors, Valeria Guiot, Sarah Delcourt, Dominique Genin and Johan Wagemans...................................366

20. Composing abstract images – Differences between artists and lay people

Philip Letsch and Gregor Uwe Hayn-Leichsenring...............................367

Talk session: The role of statistical and principal properties

21. Differences in statistical image properties between traditional art, Bad Art and abstract art

Christoph Redies and Anselm Brachmann..............................368

22. Visual statistics of large samples of Western artworks

George Mather..............................368

23. Exploring aesthetic experiences of females: Affect-related traits predict complexity and arousal responses to music and affective pictures

Manuela Marin and Helmut Leder...............................369

24. Experiencing (dis)order: Simplicity and order might be appealing but interesting patterns are those that diverge from an obvious order

Claudia Muth, Claus-Christian Carbon and Gesche Westphal-Fitch................................370

Posters

Art and technology at work: Introducing MuseuMedia, the app for navigating art in small museums

Rossana Actis-Grosso, Giustina Sacco and Daniele Zavagno...............................371

Space as time: Heterotopias in Renaissance paintings of the annunciation

Michael Adams...........................371

Beyond boundaries: Artistic interventions in object recognition

Sal Anderson...........................372

Affective responses to regular / predictable / irregular curves measured by using a wearable vital sensor

Akira Asano, Hung An Nguyen, Chie Muraki Asano, Katsunori Okajima, Mikiko Kawasumi, Hirokazu Tanaka and Yasutaka Hatakeyama...........................373

Distancing art from philosophy

Charles Beasley....................................373

Preferences towards angular and curved shapes: The effects of frame and instruction

Olesya Blazhenkova.................................374

Pleasure as self-maintaining motivation – A Kant-based approach

Katharina Blühm...............................374

Left–Right position in moving images: An analysis of face orientation, face position, and movement direction in eight action films

Carole Bode, Marco Bertamini and Mai Salah Helmy................................375

Expertise in histology alters taste in art

Antonia Böthig and Gregor Uwe Hayn-Leichsenring............................376

The Golden Ratio is not always preferred in art

Aenne A. Brielmann, Joerg Fingerhut and Jesse Prinz...........................................376

Eye centring in selfies posted on Instagram

Nicola Bruno and Marco Bertamini.....................................377

The role of embodiment and image characteristics in the evaluation of graffiti

Rebecca Chamberlain, Caitlin Mullin, Johan Wagemans, Daniel Berio, Frederic Fol Leymarie, Komalta Mirani and Guido Orgs......................................377

A new conception and measure of visual aesthetic sensitivity

Guido B. Corradi, Juan Ramón Barrada and Marcos Nadal.................................378

E-motions: Whole figures are more than the sum of face and body

Olga Daneyko, Rossana Actis-Grosso and Daniele Zavagno...................................378

Visual recipes for convincing representations of grapes in Dutch Golden Age paintings

Francesca Di Cicco, Maarten W. A. Wijntjes, Jeroen Stumpel, Joris Dik and Sylvia C. Pont........................................379

Making sense by drawing. A field study with experimental physicists on the epistemic function of collaborative sketching activities

Judith Dobler..........................379

Pointillist transitions

Andrea van Doorn and Jan Koenderink..............................380

Light art as a pedagogical tool for teaching the science of colour perception

Daniel Garside.........................381

Individual differences in aesthetic judgments of symmetry

Andreas Gartus, Helene Plasser and Helmut Leder..................................381

What is in a grid? Perceived flatness and aesthetic appeal in variants of Mondrian compositions

Barbara Gillam and Branka Spehar.....................................382

The aesthetic self effect

Javier Gomez-Lavin, Joerg Fingerhut and Jesse Prinz..............................382

Colour associations of the Russian people

Yulia A. Griber and Ivar Jung..........................................383

Aesthetic experience, neuroscience and cognitive science

Nicole Hall....................................384

The factors affecting preferred physical size of high-resolutional moving images

Masamitsu Harasawa, Yasuhito Sawahata and Kazuteru Komine....................................384

The influence of graphic long-term memories on face depiction accuracy is attenuated for trained versus untrained drawers

Neil Harrison and Richard Russell.........................................385

The researcher’s artwork – An ontological problem

Gregor Uwe Hayn-Leichsenring....................................385

The picture lies in the eye of the beholder. A qualitative case study on motifs of ‘photographic reception’

Lea Hilsemer.....................................386

Does ‘pictorial balance’ have different meanings depending on the picture type?

Ronald Hübner and Martin Fillinger....................................387

Static and depicted bodies in art

Leonardo Impett and Sabine Süsstrunk.....................387

Exploring network connectivity during visual aesthetic experiences

Ilkay Isik and Edward Vessel...............................388

Cross cultural differences in creativity

Tal Ivancovsky, Jenny Kurman and Simone Shamay-Tsoory...........................388

Aesthetic perception and attribution of personality traits of patients with dysgnathia before and after orthodontic surgery

Reinhold Jagsch and Klaus Sinko.............................389

Arousal transfer effects of environmental scenes on self-reported arousal and pleasantness in response to representational paintings

Nina Jahrmann, Helmut Leder and Manuela Marin.................................390

Valence, arousal and cognitive evaluation (VACe) model of aesthetic experience of artworks

Dragan Jankovic......................390

Embodying movies: The influence of social context on emotional film reception

Laura Kaltwasser, Martina Ardizzi, Marta Calib, Luca Settembrino, Joerg Fingerhut, Michael Pauen and Vittorio Gallese.................................391

Depth perception in AR art

Jason Kao...........................................392

Distressing: Delight between boredom and confusion

Jan Koenderink and Andrea van Doorn..........................................392

Aesthetic experience of contemporary dance choreographies: The influence of the choreographer’s style and observers’ identification with story

Ágota Vitkay Kucsera and Maja S. Vukadinović...............................393

Scrooge McDuck & the Big Bang – On flawed and limping images

Tom Lambeens and Sofie Gielis..................................393

Mona Lisa’s happiness is by 35% in the eye of the beholder

Emanuela Liaci, Andres Fisher, Markus Heinrichs, Ludger Tebartz van Elst and Jürgen Kornmeier............................394

Listening to paintings

Rob van Lier and Arno Koning..........................................395

The importance of art in medical and training environments

Steven Ligthert and Bianca Huurneman.....................................395

Mannerism and fractals – A mathematical-visual intuition

Vasco Medeiros...............................396

Images of Blacks, Orientals, Indians: Cross-cultural perspectives in 19^th century European and American art

Dalila Meenen..................................397

Data sublime and the readable sky

Romi Mikulinsky...............................397

Shooting angle and the miniature effect in photography

Kayo Miura.....................................398

Study on criteria for artistic activities by people with disabilities – Development of criteria lists by literature survey

Tsukasa Muraya and Yasuyuki Hirai..........................................398

Live transmission as drawing practice

Morgan O’Hara...................................399

Aesthetic perception of movement synchrony in live dance performances

Guido Orgs, Staci Vicary, Matthias Sperling, Jorina von Zimmermann and Daniel Richardson..............................400

Let’s talk about gender: Linking aesthetic preferences to assertiveness and nurturance

Stefan A. Ortlieb, Uwe C. Fischer, Anna Moosmann and Claus-Christian Carbon..................................400

Artwork as sensory space

Ebru Ozsecen.....................................401

The electrophysiological and perceptual effects of whole-body OVO colour-immersion

Patrizio Paoletti, Joseph Glicksohn, Stefano Lasaponara, Federica Mauro, Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan...............................402

Sharing pain and grief online: A project on digital humanities to study the role of the image as an element of mediation, destigmatization, connection and co-presence

Rebeca Pardo and Montse Morcate....................................402

Painted light: What 10000 pictures reveal about the source of light across ten centuries

Alexander Pastukhov and Claus-Christian Carbon.............................403

The role of mental imagery ability in Fine Arts, Psychology and Engineering

María José Pérez-Fabello and Fatima Maria Felisberti.......................404

The relation of graph visualization and aesthetics: An empirical approach

Marius Hans Raab, Hannes Waechter, Tamara Mchedlidze and Claus-Christian Carbon.........................404

‘Temporal metaphors’: Visual-temporal structures and metaphorical-cognitive processes in the video work ‘quad’ by Samuel Beckett

Ifat Reshef....................405

Red versus blue, gaudy versus bleached: Toward the influence of background colour on memory and aesthetic judgment

Bettina Rolke and Elisabeth Hein..........................406

Wearing hyper-realistic masks: A strong manipulation for embodied cognition

Jet Sanders, Ailish Byrne, Yoshiyuki Ueda, Atsuko Tominaga, Kazusa Minemoto, Sakiko Yoshikawa and Rob Jenkins................................406

Visual perception of a lattice of dots surrounded by a tilted frame: A Gestalt approach

Arefe Sarami and Reza Afhami..........................407

Shared meaning in representational and abstract artworks

Astrid Schepman, Paul Rodway and Julie Kirkham.........................408

Interdisciplinary arts and sciences: Reversal and multiplication of spatial articulation in Miao Xiaochun’s 3D environments

Isabel Seliger...................................408

Perception of expressive body movements by individuals with autism spectrum disorder

Vassilis Sevdalis, Jennifer Mayer, Kathy Filer, Peter Keller and Pamela Heaton.......................409

What is art good for? The socio-epistemic value of art

Aleksandra Sherman and Clair Morrissey..............................410

Mona Lisa’s smiles in Leonardo’s drawings

Alessandro Soranzo, Olga Danyeko and Daniele Zavagno..........................410

Introducing the Vaiak: A new and validated way to measure art knowledge and art interest

Eva Specker, Michael Forster, Hanna Brinkmann, Jane Boddy, Raphael Rosenberg and Helmut Leder.......................................411

Exploring Mondrian compositions in three-dimensional space – from design to virtual implementation

Jasmina Stevanov and Johannes Zanker..................................411

On the origins of inverse perspective

Jeroen Stumpel.............................412

Seeing with the mind’s eye. On the art history and aesthetics of ‘blind art’

Tobias Teutenberg...................412

Anticipating popularity of photographs on Instagram. How balance-related low-level features of photographs predict Instagram Likes

Katja Thömmes..............................413

Eye movements in the spectatorship of portraits

Tobiasz Trawinski, Natalie Mestry, Beth Harland, Simon P. Liversedge and Nick Donnelly............................414

Do the perceived balance, harmony, and liking of original Mondrian paintings differ from Mondrian-like variants?

Sandra Utz and Claus-Christian Carbon......................414

Both stimulus and person contribute to preferences for neatly organized compositions

Eline Van Geert and Johan Wagemans............................415

The role of curvature in the appreciation of visual artworks

Javier Vañó, Robert Pepperell, Enric Munar, Jaume Rosselló and Marcos Nadal..............................415

Disambiguation of ambiguous figures in peripheral vision by prior knowledge

Tilde Van Uytven, Erik Myin and Bilge Sayim..........................416

Empirical methods in performance art

Nicole Vennemann..............................416

Illusory planes in Fred Sandback’s sculpture

Ian Verstegen......................................417

Equivalent preferences for fractal scaling characteristics in vision and touch

Catherine Viengkham, Zoey Isherwood and Branka Spehar..........................417

Contemporary dance choreographies: Relationship between observers’ empathy and aesthetic experience

Maja S. Vukadinović and Slobodan Marković...............................................................418

On the edge of attractive chaos in a series of semi-abstract paintings by Lou Bielen

Johan Wagemans, Sarah Delcourt, Lou Bielen and Pieter Moors...................................419

Flower preference: Visual attributes governing the appeal of gerberas

Tamara Watson....................................419

Consumer expectations for vegetables with atypical colours: The case of carrots

Theresa Wehrle, Rick N. J. Schifferstein and Claus-Christian Carbon.................................420

Implicit and explicit visual symmetry preference in art experts compared to laypeople

Hanna Weichselbaum, Helmut Leder and Ulrich Ansorge....................420

It’s all about colour. Rendering reality in Dutch oil painting about 1700

Lisa Wiersma.........................421

Visual art preferences are predicted by preferences for the depicted objects

Emily Winfield, Carmel Levitan and Aleksandra Sherman...............................421

Illusory colour depth based on the interaction between fluorescent and conventional colours

Stefanie De Winter, Pieter Moors, Hilde Van Gelder and Johan Wagemans..................422

Cultural identity matters: Aesthetic appraisals of Eastern and Western landscapes as observed with neural responses and behavioural measures

Taoxi Yang, Sarita Silveira, Marco Paolini, Ernst Pöppel, Tilmann Sander and Yan Bao...........................423

Painters’ quest in vision scientists’ tongue

Jihyun Yeonan-Kim............................423

Pieter Paul Rubens and the Poggendorff illusion

Daniele Zavagno, Natale Stucchi and Olga Daneyko...............................424

Depicted material categories in online museum collections

Mitchell van Zuijlen, Sylvia Pont and Maarten Wijntjes...............................424

Editorial: Bridging art and the visual sciences

The 117 short texts included in this special issue of Art & Perception comprise the abstracts of the keynotes, talks and posters that have been selected for presentation at the 2017 Visual Science of Art Conference (VSAC) in Berlin. ¹ You will find the abstracts of the two keynotes, Jesse Prinz (CUNY) and Irving Biederman (USC), at the beginning of this issue followed by the peer reviewed contributions. Talks, as well as contributions to symposia, are printed in the order they were presented at the conference. By retaining this structure in the proceedings, we aimed to preserve the anticipated coherence that connected the presentations as we saw it while planning the conference. Some talks were part of symposia that especially aimed at combining artistic perspectives with those of researchers from the humanities and the psychological sciences (talks 1–3, 8–11). The peer reviewed talks were clustered around topics that have been of special interest to the community of researchers in the sciences of the arts. Such were, among others, aesthetic universal and cross-cultural differences (talks 4–7), the range of physiological measures in the aesthetic sciences (talks 12–15), or visual statistics of art images (talks 21–22). Poster abstracts are printed in a third section in alphabetical order. (For a full thematically ordered list of sessions – also including the posters – please consult https://www.vsac2017.org/).

For the first time of the VSAC the co-organizers belong to two adjacent disciplines, one being psychology (Claus-Christian Carbon, Bamberg) the other philosophy (Joerg Fingerhut, Berlin), and both are committed to research projects that span across disciplinary boundaries. We encouraged and actively selected submissions that promised a broadening of the topics to be addressed at the VSAC 2017. Many experiments in neuroaesthetics, to take one example, focus on immediate sensory responses to artworks and simple evaluative states. This focus is important when it comes to understanding our interaction with artworks, but it often omits questions regarding art that have concerned psychologists, philosophers, art historians, sociologists, and others who recognize that art is an intellectually engaged, historically situated, and culturally varied phenomenon. In choosing the contributions among the positively reviewed submissions for this year’s conference we therefore placed additional focus on approaches that deal with the appreciation of artworks that goes beyond simple preference and liking judgments. Several talks and posters therefore address the complex and layered aesthetic experience art enables. Others directly focus on the long underappreciated question of what underlies our evaluation and appreciation of art as art. These two emphases in new research in the visual sciences of the arts has made it necessary to include contributions from a wide range of topics and disciplinary perspectives spanning from image statistics, neuroscientific, behavioral, philosophical, phenomenological, and computational approaches, to those of the artists themselves.

The emerging interest in connecting art and vision science is well demonstrated by the wide variety of subjects and methods covered in the abstracts in this issue. The wide international appeal is evident in the diversity of countries represented in the conference (28 countries from six continents). In relation to previous years, a shift towards greater gender balance was also recognizable at the conference. While both keynotes were male, the contributors listed for talks presented at the conference were half female and male (27 female/27 male), with a slight prevalence for male first authors and presenters (12 female/15 male; not controlled for gender self-identification of the participants).

What unifies most of the contributions in this volume is the conviction that works of art and aesthetic engagement are observable entities, and that they therefore can in principle be studied using empirical methods. The two phenomena, artistic objects and aesthetic experiences, are two relata that cannot be studied in isolation without missing the relevant phenomenon. Yet one also should acknowledge that studying each relatum might require expertise in very different fields and that certain approaches swing either more to the object side or the experience side of the relation.

1. Art objects, on the one hand, can be interpreted as the level of main interest, independent of their context, the specific ways of inspecting them, or elaboration effects. Approaches that focus on the object side identify object-inherent qualities and analyze them, bringing a wealth of methodological accounts to the field. Recently, statistical regularities in artworks were revealed, for instance by analyzing the Fourier spatial frequency power or by calculating different measures of complexity, entropy or order. There are undeniable first impressions to artworks which guide beholders in their subsequent inspection behaviour, so such accounts might be very powerful in predicting such first moves towards to or away from specific works. Yet such analyses can also be brought to bear to identify properties in artworks that differ from one specific historical period to another, or between different cultures.

2. On the other hand, when it comes to the experience of art and its evaluation as art, psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy often provide competing descriptions of the relevant phenomena. This sometimes makes it challenging to identify whether the very phenomena under scrutiny actually overlap. Philosophers and artists alike often emphasize that subjective experience or artistic engagement resist generalization (leaning on the discussion whether subjective experience is assessable by a 3^rd person perspective at all). This is a topic that is highlighted even more by the individualism prevalent to the art practice or the precariousness and variation in intense individual engagements with particular artworks. Empirically oriented philosophy, psychology and neuroscience commit to the very possibility that such phenomena are objectifiable to some extent, i.e. that there are structural component features of our engagement with the arts that can be identified, and that certain aesthetic responses systematically relate to specific properties of artworks (or to changes in the available semantic or contextual information regarding the artwork). Both perspectives on the experience-side of the field have been present at this year’s conference.

Awareness of the need to conduct research that gives equal weight to both relata (visual artefacts and aesthetic experience) as well as to the specific pitfalls of a visual science of the arts has been a running topic throughout the conference and in the discussions after the talks, the sessions and the many productive breaks provided by the conference schedule.

In order to bring our actual engagement with works of art to the fore, VSAC has always aimed to incorporate artworks themselves into the conference. This has been realized this year by talks and posters that not only focused on general claims regarding our aesthetic responses but rather highlighted aesthetic engagements with the work of a specific artist (or a series of artworks of one artists) or a specific art period, thereby bringing psychological studies closer to the interest of art critics, art historians and artists. Yet this incorporation has especially been achieved by the exhibition of a series of artworks of local and international artists at the “VSAC Art Night” at “ACUD macht neu!” that has been curated by Gina Eickers, to whom we would like to express our deep gratitude. We unfortunately do not have space to include reproductions and descriptions of all the presented works in this volume. A list of the contributing artists has to serve as a stand-in: Charlotte Broecker, Persijn Broersen & Margit Lukács, Philip Crawford, Gina Eickers, Liat Grayver, Shelley James, Sebastian Loerscher, Morgan O’Hara, Robert Pepperell, Miao Xiaochun.

Additionally we had two visual artists directly “protocolling” the conference in very different ways. Both artists also exhibited their work at the art night. The LIVEDRAWINGS by Morgan O’Hara, who also contributed a poster to the conference, captured the movements of the speakers during their talk performances. Below you can see her renderings of the presentation of the two organizers (Figs 1 and 2).

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Live Transmission, movement of the hands of Claus-Christian Carbon during his opening remarks, 25.8.2017. By Morgan O’Hara, 2017.

Citation: Art & Perception 5, 4 (2017) ; 10.1163/22134913-00002099

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Live Transmission, movement of the hands of Joerg Fingerhut during his talk, 25.8.2017. By Morgan O’Hara, 2017.

Citation: Art & Perception 5, 4 (2017) ; 10.1163/22134913-00002099

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Graphic artist Sebastian Loerscher additionally graphically engaged with the contributions of this conference, while also focusing on the scientific insights and thematic unfolding of the talks. We chose to include his drawings of the two keynotes as well as of the poster sessions in this volume (see sections: KEYNOTES, Figs 3 and 4, and POSTERS, Figs 5 and 6).

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Keynote 1, depicted by Sebastian Loerscher, 2017.

Citation: Art & Perception 5, 4 (2017) ; 10.1163/22134913-00002099

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Keynote 2, depicted by Sebastian Loerscher, 2017.

Citation: Art & Perception 5, 4 (2017) ; 10.1163/22134913-00002099

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Poster session 1, depicted by Sebastian Loerscher, 2017.

Citation: Art & Perception 5, 4 (2017) ; 10.1163/22134913-00002099

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Poster session 2, depicted by Sebastian Loerscher, 2017.

Citation: Art & Perception 5, 4 (2017) ; 10.1163/22134913-00002099

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We hope that the 5^thVSAC in Berlin as well as this publication will further inspire the vivid and fruitful exchange between vision science and art. In publishing its proceedings for the very first time in a journal, we hope to enrich the field beyond those that attended the conference in Berlin. At the same time, we are very well aware that short abstracts in many cases will not capture the actual contributions, especially with respect to approaches in which disciplinary boundaries are crossed and more complex questions are raised. We want to end by encouraging researchers and practitioners in the field to submit their work to the next installment of VSAC in 2018 which will take place in Trieste/Italy and to which we are very much looking forward.

We would like to thank the members of the Conference Committee who contributed their time to help us review the talks and posters: Rossana Actis-Grosso, Marco Bertamini, Nicola Bruno, Andrea van Doorn, Uwe Fischer, Akiyoshi Kitaoka, Jan Koenderink, Ute Leonards, Rob van Lier, Manuela Marin, Slobodan Marković, George Mather, Claudia Muth, Marcos Nadal, Stefan Ortlieb, Galina Paramei, Alexander Pastukhov, Robert Pepperell, Sylvia Pont, Ana Radonjic, Bilge Sayim, Alessandro Soranzo, Branka Spehar, Christopher Tyler, Sandra Utz, Johan Wagemans, Maarten Wijntjes, and Daniele Zavagno.

We also would like to thank the Research Group EPÆG (Ergonomics, Psychological Æsthetics, Gestalt), Bamberg, as well as the Einstein Foundation Berlin for their generous support of the conference and the publication of the proceedings. Sandra Utz, Claudia Muth, Uwe C. Fischer (Department of General Psychology and Methodology, University of Bamberg) have helped tremendously in comprising the abstracts for this special issue, George Neish (Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) was a great help in the final editing and proofreading process of this volume. We are also very grateful for all the help we had in planning the conference (Felix Binder, Gina Eickers, Coco Kühnapfel, Claudia Muth, Alexander Pastukhov, Marius Raab, and Sandra Utz), and would like to express our gratitude to the numerous helpers during the conference!

Finally, we would like to thank Brill Publishing for producing this volume, and for doing it on such a short timeline. It has been a pleasure working with their team.

Claus-Christian Carbon

Department of General Psychology and Methodology, University of Bamberg, Germany

Research Group EPÆG (Ergonomics, Psychological Æsthetics, Gestalt)

Bamberg Graduate School of Affective and Cognitive Sciences (BaGr ACS )

E-mail: ccc@experimental-psychology.com

Joerg Fingerhut

Einstein Group “Consciousness, Emotions, Values”

Berlin School of Mind and Brain

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany

E-mail: joerg.fingerhut@hu-berlin.de

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KEYNOTES

(in order of presentation)

1. Art and wonder

Jesse Prinz*

City University of New York, USA/Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany

Abstract

It is often presumed that the appreciation of art involves emotion, but there has been little effort to identify which emotion could play this role. Traditionally, good art was said to induce pleasure, but that seems unlikely in cases in which we appreciate art with dark themes. Other authors have posited an “aesthetic emotion” but that proposal evades the question rather than answering it. Here an alternative is suggested: the cardinal emotion underling art appreciation is wonder. Both empirical and theoretical work are brought to bear in defense of this hypothesis. Wonder is also shown to provide promising accounts of aesthetic experience, beauty, and the nature of art.

*Contact author: jesse@subcortex.com

2. Aesthetics and the brain

Irving Biederman*

University of Southern California, USA

Abstract

Why would an aesthetic sense ever have evolved? How might it be implemented in the brain? The surprising discovery of a gradient of opioid receptors in cortical areas engaged in perception and cognition may provide the key for understanding our pleasure at viewing an engaging work of art, an extraordinary vista, understanding a scientific theory (or any good idea), or the mirth engendered by a joke. If we assume that experiences are preferred that maximize this opioid activity, then preferred inputs will tend to be those that are richly interpretable (not just complex). Once we have an experience, however, adaptation reduces the activity, diminishing the release of opioids, leading to novelty preferences (or “been there, done that”). This system thus renders us infovores, serving to maximize the rate at which we acquire new but interpretable information.

*Contact author: bieder@usc.edu

TALKS

(in order of presentation)

Symposium: Seeing as image thinking

1. The silence of the image and the symbolusion

Tom Lambeens ^1,2,* and Sofie Gielis ¹

¹PXL-MAD, Belgium; ²UHasselt, Belgium

Abstract

The contemplation of images and metaphors can be considered through imagery itself. We would like to introduce two tuned concepts that will function as building blocks in the theoretical groundwork of the artistic-academic image thinking: the silence of the image and the symbolusion. The first weighs the nature of the image, with its signifying richness and the resistance to arrive at speaking or writing from that silence. We read images as fields of meaning that offer a dynamic structure of formal details and material appearance that can be interpreted. Both the structure present in the image, and the inseparable interpretation that can be derived from that, are metaphorical in nature. Only metaphors and metonymies can lure the silence of the image into talkative imagery – the speech of the image. This implies that each speech of an image is preceded by an implicit comprehensive silence of the image, just like every explicit message contains an implicit charge. Thus, metaphors are anything but an ornament. Their unpredictable nature affects the essence of the image. The expression of the metaphor indicates that a choice has been made from the barely reducible vast potential of the silence of the image.

* Contact author: tom.lambeens@pxl.be

2. The horizon, an ambiguous way of thinking and viewing

Patrick Ceyssens*

PXL-MAD, Belgium

Abstract

One of the most photographed subjects ever and at the same time the least understood. A very brief consideration on its essence: If we look at the horizon, we see a place, a line, a demarcation, an end. But in effect it is an illusion, an inaccessibility, an ever-receding ‘something’ that will never be. The horizon is not a reality. It depends on prosaic parameters such as the difference in eye level. The quantity of the earth’s surface versus the quantity of air is in any case determined by the gravitational force of the horizon, the weight of the line. The word ‘horizon’ remains in most languages the same. Peculiar for something that is always changing. How can we, after these experiences, achieve this non-border? What is the distance between the visible and the imaginable? The essence of this area is lying in the mix of all the previous assumptions. Craving emersion or understanding is only feasible from this ambiguity, this double experience. The horizon is indeed constantly mobile, the perception of the shift, the delay, the transfer, twitching, doubt. We want to complete those previous viewing experiences through the installation, “Hopping, deepstepping … in time and space # 2”.

*Contact author: info@patrickceyssens.com

3. Seeing without knowing in the 2.5-dimensional

Griet Moors*

PXL-MAD/UHasselt, Belgium

Abstract

Our ‘knowing’ about ‘seeing’ is like watching the optical illusion of the old and the young woman. The knowing look alternates, you never see both women at once. For the not-knowing look, such an image is totally uninteresting because it has the ability to note several slips between realities at a time. A separate interpretation of the one or the other reality is impossible. We move into a zone in which it is nor this nor that, but in which meaning arises in their complex coherence. Where for the knowing look the oscillation between the young and elderly woman needs a split second in order to make the recognition possible, this instant of time evaporates into nonexistence in the not-knowing look. The young woman is the old woman and vice versa, and the lifetime between them is captured in the image.

This view is translated into seeing between the flat and the spatial. Something is not flat or spatial, but both at once. Essential is the mental movement you make while looking. This is not subordinate to origin or end point. It’s about the way in which one is moved throughout the image, and how the image forces this motion.

*Contact author: grietmoors@hotmail.com

Talks session: How universal are aesthetics?

4. What is universal in aesthetic preference?

Branka Spehar ^1,* and Richard Taylor ²

¹ The University of New South Wales, Australia; ² University of Oregon, USA

Abstract

The field of empirical aesthetics has long been divided as to whether aesthetic preferences are best considered universal or individually and culturally specific. Preoccupations with either the universal canons or with the highly variable individual differences in aesthetic experience remain the widespread reflections of these opposing views. Typically, the very existence of individual differences is considered an obstacle in attempts to identify the universal mechanisms mediating aesthetic preference.

We take an integrated approach, based on our findings that there is seemingly universal preference for certain types of spatial (fractal) structure in visual images and that there is a strong association between visual preference and visual sensitivity for such image properties. Furthermore, by measuring aesthetic preference and visual processing in the same participants, with a range of distinct image categories, and across different sensory modalities, we use the individual differences approach as a window into the mechanism mediating the relationship between perception and aesthetics. In particular, we use the dimensional structure modelling of individual differences in patterns of aesthetic preference across different image types and sensory modalities to isolate the mechanisms mediating and determining both universal and individualistic components of aesthetic experience for different types of spatial structure.

In doing so, we re-conceptualize the nature of visual appeal in terms of perceptually- rather than semantically-based processes, and argue that perceptual processing of aesthetic object’s properties and the resulting affective responses are directly related.

*Contact author: b.spehar@unsw.edu.au

5. Aesthetic appreciation of cultural artefacts engages additional processes beyond a core domain-general system

Edward Vessel ^1,* , Ilkay Isik ¹ , Amy Belfi ² , Jonathan Stahl ³ and Gabrielle Starr ²

¹ Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Germany; ² New York University, USA; ³ Ohio State University, USA

Abstract

Aesthetic appreciation represents a fundamental mode of human interaction with the visual world, yet the processes that support such experiences are poorly understood. Given that individuals can be aesthetically engaged by a diverse array of visual objects (paintings, mountain vistas, etc.), we sought to test whether aesthetic appreciation of widely different visual domains relies on the same underlying processes. Behaviourally, we find that the degree of shared versus individual aesthetic preference differs systematically across domains. Preferences for faces and landscapes contained a high proportion of shared taste, while preferences for architecture and artworks, both artefacts of human culture, reflected strong individual differences. Brain imaging studies with artwork reveal both an “early” process that links ventral visual pathway representations with liking and a later, prefrontal process that is only engaged by aesthetically moving stimuli and may recruit portions of the default-mode network (DMN), which is typically only engaged by internally (self) directed attention. We measured brain activity (fMRI) as 16 observers made aesthetic judgments about architecture, natural landscapes or artwork. Using multivariate pattern classification, we found a signature of “domain-general” information about aesthetic appreciation in portions of the DMN. A “searchlight” analysis revealed additional prefrontal regions whose activity only reflected information about the aesthetic appeal of either artwork or architecture. These results suggest that visual aesthetic engagement recruits a core set of domain-general processes, but that aesthetic evaluations of cultural artefacts rely more heavily on individual aesthetic sensibilities than do evaluations of landscape, and also engage additional processes in prefrontal cortex.

*Contact author: ed.vessel@ae.mpg.de

6. Cultural differences in the aesthetic appeal of complexity in art

Joerg Fingerhut ^1,* , Aenne A. Brielmann ² , Antónia Reindl ¹ and Jesse Prinz ³

¹ Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; ² New York University, USA; ³ City University of New York, USA

Abstract

Since the seminal work of Berlyne (1963, 1971) researchers have claimed that complexity affects aesthetic appreciation. In European art, complexity is often a positive feature. In contrast, both simplicity and complexity are traditionally positive values in Japan. We tested these culture-specific links between complexity and aesthetic valuation for actual artworks from both traditions.

Twenty non-abstract paintings (half Japanese, half European) were manipulated in complexity across three dimensions (number of objects, number of textures, amount of empty space). 33 German and 30 Japanese participants rated all 60 images on perceived complexity. An independent sample (33 German, 26 Japanese) evaluated them on liking, interest, beauty, and value.

Earlier studies found no correlation between subjective complexity ratings and aesthetic evaluation in artworks (Nadal, 2010). In contrast, we found positive associations between complexity and all aesthetic evaluations in both countries when the number of textures was manipulated (0.55 < r < 0.78, all p < 0.018). Whereas only Japanese participants gave similar ratings to paintings with few or many objects, and with considerable or limited empty space. This pattern of cultural differences deviates from some earlier studies outside of the artistic domain. When real artworks are used, Japanese participants only sometimes prefer high but never low complexity. Western Europeans always prefer high levels of complexity.

*Contact author: joerg.fingerhut@hu-berlin.de

7. Symmetry preferences in Britain and Egypt

Marco Bertamini ^1,* , Carole Bode ² and Mai Salah Helmy ³

¹ University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; ² Edge Hill University, United Kingdom; ³ Menoufia University, Egypt

Abstract

Symmetry has often been associated with beauty. To what extent this appeal is universal is a difficult question to answer. From a theoretical perspective, cross-cultural comparisons are important, because similarities would support the universality of the response to symmetry. Some pioneering work has focussed on the study of preference for abstract shapes in Britain and Egypt (Soueif and Eysenck, 1971; 1972), including both experts and naive participants. Due to the nature of Islamic art over the centuries, abstract patterns are particularly relevant for this comparison. These studies confirmed general agreement across cultures. We revisited this comparison after almost half a century but with stimuli that more carefully avoided possible sematic associations. We compared preferences in naïve participants in Egypt (n = 200) and Britain (n = 200) for 6 different classes of symmetry using black-and-white patterns. In addition we used three measures of complexity: Gif ratio, Edge length and Average region size. The results support the presence of a similar pattern of preference for symmetry, and in particular a preference for reflectional symmetry. Apart from symmetry, there was also a preference for simplicity in Egyptian data (and not in the British data), something already noted by Soueif and Eysenck (1971). Therefore we confirmed both universal and culture-specific aspects of visual preference.

*Contact author: m.bertamini@liv.ac.uk

Symposium: Space of the mind’s eye

8. Topology of space in the picture frame

Jan Koenderink ^1,* and Andrea van Doorn ²

¹ University of Leuven (KU Leuven), The Netherlands; ² Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Abstract

Helmholtz was surprised that his visual field appeared to be much narrower (roughly 90°) than his actual field of view (about 180°). Indeed, we find that human observers tend to experience their “visual rays” as a roughly parallel beam instead of concurrent with the vantage point. Moreover, people refer visual directions to these apparent visual rays, giving rise to errors of 100° and more. Seen pictures rarely subtend more than about 40°, although modern techniques allow one to depict the full (360°) horizon. Such pictures are rapidly becoming popular, but it is hardly surprising that visual awareness is unable to deal with them appropriately. In an empirical study we detect errors due to an agnosia with respect to the topology of the optic array. One class of errors has to do with the nature of the picture frame; a categorically different class has to do with the mismatch between the topology of pictorial (or visual?) space and the optic array. Apart from these major problems, there are also the aforementioned errors due to the external local sign. We speculate on useful (and visually attractive) alternative ways of depiction.

*Contact author: koenderinkjan@gmail.com

9. Image and imagination: How figure scale in medieval painting reflects visual perception

Nicole Ruta, Alistair Burleigh and Robert Pepperell*

Cardiff School of Art/Fovolab, United Kingdom

Abstract

Prior to the discovery of linear perspective in the fifteenth century European artists based their compositions on imagination rather than the direct observation of nature. Medieval paintings, therefore, can be thought of as ‘mental projections’ rather than optical projections, and were often regarded as ‘primitive’ by historians since they lacked the spatial consistency of later works (Meiss, 1946).

There are noticeable differences in the way objects are depicted in paintings of the different periods. For example, human figures in pre-perspective works are often painted significantly larger than we might expect from their surroundings (Bunim, 1940). Art historians have usually attributed this to ‘hierarchical scaling’ where figure size is proportional to narrative importance, but there are many examples of paintings where this cannot be the explanation (White, 1973).

We will consider an alternative hypothesis: that medieval artists used relative scale to manipulate attention and empathy, an idea proposed by the art historian Oskar Wulff (1907) but largely dismissed since. Far from being primitive, we argue artists of this period used sophisticated techniques for directing the attention of the viewer to a particular figure in a painting and encouraging them to ‘see’ the depicted space from that figure’s point of view. We will offer some experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis and suggest that the way artists have depicted space in paintings has an important bearing on how we imagine and perceive visual space.

*Contact author: rpepperell@cardiffmet.ac.uk

10. Framing the virtual – Creating space with time

Margit Lukács* and Persijn Broersen

PM, The Netherlands

Abstract

“We know that behind every image revealed there is another image more faithful to reality, and in the back of that image there is another, and yet another behind the last one, and so on, up to the true image of that absolute, mysterious reality that no one will ever see” (Michelangelo Antonioni).

In 1937, Disney created his version of the multiplane camera and produced films like Snow White, Pinocchio, and Bambi. The multiplane camera creates a three dimensional effect by moving picture planes in front of the lens at various speeds and at various distances from one another. For the first time, a coherent and convincing three-dimensional virtual space could be experienced within the two-dimensional framework of the cinema. A space that only can emerge by adding time to the two-dimensional planes.

Nowadays, encircled and encapsulated by the virtual world via our ever-present flat screens, the surprise of this virtual world is long gone. Time and space, fact and fiction, have become as mouldable as a piece of Play-Doh.

We will present a selection of our video works in which we have used the technique of the multiplane camera, recreated in a digital environment. In a complex, often fragmented architecture of carefully placed planes, we created an alternative time that provides room for reflection and, at the same time, shows its construction.

*Contact author: pm@pmpmpm.com

11. Synoptic pictorial space

Maarten Wijntjes*

Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Abstract

The synopter is a viewing device that eliminates cues signalling non-pictorial depth. It renders the physical flatness of a picture invisible, resulting in a depth presentation that only contains pictorial cues. Theoretically this should lead to a ‘better’ perception of pictorial space. But what exactly gets ‘better’? How can we describe the difference between synoptic pictorial space, and normal binocular viewing of pictures?

Previous studies have primarily focused on depth, and revealed perceived depth ranges increase when viewing with a synopter. Related studies on ‘monocular stereopsis’ contested this quantitative increase and instead found a qualitative increase of depth. Although the nature of synoptic depth changes remains inconclusive, the findings do articulate the difficulty of describing synoptic pictorial space.

We are interested in what observers spontaneously report when looking through a synopter. Moreover, we are specifically interested in pictorial spaces of paintings, because these show a larger and more interesting variety in pictorial cues than photographs. We previously studied synoptic art viewing using digitally reproduced art works. In the current study we investigate the perception of original artworks observed in museums. By letting observers describe the changes they see when looking with and without synopter we may reveal both depth-, but potentially also light- and material-related changes of pictorial space.

*Contact author: m.w.a.wijntjes@tudelft.nl

Talk session: Physiology and art

12. Mobile eye tracking to explore interaction with abstract paintings – A large scale experiment in the Royal Academy

Johannes M. Zanker* ^1, , Jasmina Stevanov ² , Jade Jackson ¹ and Tim Holmes ³

¹ University of London, United Kingdom; ² University of Mainz, Germany; ³ Acuity Intelligence Ltd., United Kingdom

Abstract

Since the pioneering work of Buswell and Yarbus, there has been a growing interest in studying characteristic fixation patterns on paintings to understand perceptual and cognitive processes contributing to aesthetic experience. Conventional eye tracking methods, carried out in the laboratory, limited such work to static observers looking at reproductions of art works under well-defined viewing conditions. Mobile eye tracking now allows us to study the experience of a visitor roaming in a gallery interacting with paintings. We used a TobiiGlasses2 system to study eye movements on two abstract paintings by Jackson Pollock, (‘Mural’ 1943, ‘Blue Poles’ 1952), displayed in the exhibition ‘Abstract Expressionism’ at the Royal Academy (London), where participants could walk around freely looking at these paintings.

We collected a rich data set with 24 observers, recording (approximately 4 minutes with 8,000 fixations) for each painting. The recordings revealed intense interaction with the artworks, characterised by extensive head and body movements (changing gaze position, and head/body yaw, pitch, and roll) that affect viewpoint, orientation, distance and illumination of the painting – all of which are controlled in the lab but essential for the natural experience of art. Recorded gaze locations were used to derive spatial distributions of fixations on the painting, which were visualised as aggregated ‘heat maps’ for each painting and observer, as well as group averages. Despite considerable individual variations, there are typical hotspots of fixations on geometric singularities or areas that resemble familiar objects embedded in these abstract paintings which were not observed in lab-based controls.

*Contact author: j.zanker@rhul.ac.uk

13. Where To Fixate (WTF): Oculomotor strategies in perception of contemporary paintings

Joanna Ganczarek* and Karolina Pietras

Pedagogical University of Cracow, Poland

Abstract

Contemporary pictorial art is often challenging for the viewer and provokes a wide range of cognitive and emotional reactions, from interest and surprise to confusion and anger. The aim of the present study is twofold. Firstly, to identify oculomotor strategies applied when being confronted with semantic and syntactic violations in contemporary paintings; and - secondly, to assess the influence of possible factors that mediate one’s reaction to these paintings. We hypothesise that (1) semantic violations are associated with a ‘focusing strategy’ (few long fixations), whereas syntactic violations are associated with a ‘scanning strategy’ (many short fixations). Moreover, (2) these effects are moderated by individual differences related to one’s ability to manage conflict stimuli (need for closure) and the level of art expertise. Participants eye movements and verbal reports were recorded while they viewed digital copies of contemporary paintings (4 groups of 5 paintings each, differing in presence of semantic i.e. content-related and syntactic i.e. form-related violations). The results suggest that syntactic and semantic inconsistencies influence eye movements differently and that expertise and need for closure contribute to subjective evaluations and viewing time but not eye movements. The role played by these factors in the appreciation of contemporary art is discussed.

*Contact author: joganczarek@yahoo.it

14. Preference and approach response for smooth curvature: An ERP study

Letizia Palumbo* ^1, , Neil Harrison ¹ and Marco Bertamini ²

¹ Liverpool Hope University, United Kingdom; ² University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

Abstract

Observers like shapes with smooth curvature, as opposite to sharp angles. This has been confirmed with a variety of visual stimuli: familiar and unfamiliar objects (Bar and Neta, 2007) abstract shapes (Bertamini et al., 2015; Silvia and Barona, 2010) and interior design environments (Vartanian et al., 2013; Leder and Carbon, 2005). The origin of this phenomenon is debated (Gomez et al., 2016). In the current studies preference for curvature has been explored using explicit and implicit tasks (Palumbo et al., 2015; Palumbo and Bertamini, 2016). In Study 1, stimulus time exposure and type of response (rating scale vs. forced choice) did not modulate preference for abstract irregular shapes. In Study 2 curved shapes were automatically associated with positive (and with safe) concepts and angular shapes with negative (and dangerous) concepts (Implicit Association Task). However, in Study 3 angular shapes did not elicit avoidance, whereas curved shapes triggered approach (Stimulus Response Compatibility Task). Study 4 replicated this pattern of results with an emotional modulation paradigm (Bamford et al., 2015) in combination with EEG recording. Specifically, the amplitude of the Late Positive Potential (500ms after stimulus onset over parietal sites) increased when participants approached, compared to when they avoided curved shapes. In contrast, with angular shapes no difference between approach and avoidance was found. Further research will clarify the nature of the emotional response for curvature and its relation with context, individual differences and expertise, but converging evidence shows a clear and robust positive response and approach to smooth curvature.

*Contact author: palumbl@hope.ac.uk

15. The usefulness of mobile EEG equipment in analysis and documentation of performance art

Łukasz Kędziora*

Nicolaus Copernicus University/Art & Science Research Foundation, Poland

Abstract

It has become increasingly common for a number of art historians and artists to do research with the use of equipment monitoring electrical activity of the brain. Quite often, electroencephalography can offer valuable knowledge about neurophysiology of both the artist and the viewers. This is the reason why it seems worth comparing different devices in order to formulate some conclusion and classification. The aim of the study is to compare three types of devices (Mind Wave Mobile, Emotiv Epoc, B-Alert ×24) and, subsequently, try to provide an answer for the question: Which of them – and why – is the best for analysis and documentation of performance art? For this purpose, I wish to provide documentation from four performative actions. As for the analysis, it is based on a comparison involving several variables, such as: technical specification of tools, quality of connection with the device, quality of the data recorded, usefulness/friendliness of the software, capability to work inside or outside, convenience of use. The data used comes from the device, the artist, the viewers, and the producers of EEG equipment. It is essential to make and compare such classification for several reasons. Firstly, owing to this, it will become possible to verify various art projects involving artists who use the same EEG tools. Secondly, art historians need some kind of translation from the language of neuroscience. Finally, we seem still lacking satisfactory methods of documenting modern performance art.

*Contact author: ad.rem1@gmail.com

Talk session: Mixed Session

16. Beauty requires thought

Denis Pelli* and Aenne A. Brielmann

New York University, USA

Abstract

The experience of beauty is a pleasure, but common sense and philosophy suggest that feeling beauty differs from sensuous pleasures such as eating or sex. Immanuel Kant claimed that experiencing beauty requires thought, but that sensuous pleasure can be enjoyed without thought and cannot be beautiful. These venerable hypotheses persist in models of aesthetic processing, but have never been tested. Here, participants continuously rated the pleasure felt from a nominally beautiful or non-beautiful stimulus and then judged whether they had experienced beauty. The stimuli engaged various senses and included seeing images, tasting candy, and touching a teddy bear. The observer reported the feelings that the stimulus provoked. The time course of pleasure, across stimuli, is well-fit by a model with one free parameter, pleasure amplitude. Pleasure amplitude increases linearly with the feeling of beauty. To test Kant’s claim of a need for thought, we add a “2-back” task, which distracts the observer’s thoughts away from the stimulus. The task greatly reduces the beauty and pleasure experienced from stimuli that otherwise produce strong pleasure, and spares those of less-pleasant stimuli. We also find that strong pleasure is always beautiful, whether produced reliably by beautiful stimuli or occasionally by sensuous stimuli. In sum, we confirm Kant’s claim that only the pleasure of feeling beauty requires thought and disconfirm his claim that sensuous pleasures cannot be beautiful.

*Contact author: denis.pelli@nyu.edu

17. True art experience: What we can learn from ecological contexts, settings, and material

Claus-Christian Carbon*

University of Bamberg, Germany

Abstract

Aesthetics research is mainly concerned about understanding art experience. Although there is clear cultural as well as empirical wisdom that such an experience is essentially biased or even undermined by ecological factors, most research is still conducted in unfavourable and misleading ways: Art experience is mostly investigated in 1) artificial labs contexts with 2) settings which do not show typical motivation, interest and effort which we typically face in art galleries, tested with 3) material which is quite different to original artworks. For instance, art experience in museums and galleries is marked by multiple inspections, self-driven selection and long-lasting considerations of artworks. Typical art contexts frame works as true works of art, making it unambiguously clear that beholders look at esteemed masterworks. Art gallery visitors show high motivation to experiencing art with expectations of perceiving extraordinary works. Lastly, original art works are differently staged, show real object qualities and are presented in original sizes and material, which is very different to their experimental counterparts in lab research. In the present paper, I am compiling evidence from recent research on how these dimensions can affect or even fully change art experience, and why we should be very careful in interpreting results from studies ignoring these dimensions. Many studies in the domain of empirical aesthetics might be misleading for the understanding of art experience, as they ignore the specific framing and meaning of artworks and their extraordinary and unique cultural status that make artworks so different to ordinary objects of everyday life.

*Contact author: ccc@experimental-psychology.com

18. Auto-ritratto: Self-portraiture, dyadic consciousness and the auto-regressive Eigenfunction – beyond Gödel, Escher and Bach

Christopher Tyler*

City University of London, United Kingdom

Abstract

Portraits in general are an interesting genre because they transcend the asymmetric subject/object relation, of the conscious viewer to inanimate objects and scenes, at multiple levels. A first level is that they depict a live, autonomous organism rather than a static object. A second level is that they imply a gamut of potential interactions with us as viewers (although even static objects imply a range of affordances of how we might interact with them). A third level is the implied consciousness of the sitter, which may have an array of manifestations, from welcoming to disdain, for example. This opens the possibility of a fourth level of allusion that goes beyond Hofstadter’s treatment of self-referentiality in his ‘Gödel, Escher and Bach’ to evoke the dyadic interaction between the consciousnesses of self and other, as each is conscious of the other’s consciousness of themselves, and to the implications of those reflexive consciousnesses in informing their own sense of self-consciousness. The final level I will explore is whether artists can hope to capture some of the complexity of such dyadic inter-reflexivity in the inherently static image of self-, or auto-portraiture, and whether perusal of artists’ self-portraits allows us to enter the self-reflexivity of the artists’ contemplation of themselves in self-portraits, treated as a projective interpolation of the dyadic interaction with others onto their own self-reflection (or auto-regressive Eigenfunction). This analytic framework will be brought to bear on the analysis of innovations in Italian and German self-portraiture over the past half-millennium, and on the eye-centring principle of portrait composition as a “sweet spot” that maximally evokes this dyadic interplay of consciousnesses.

*Contact author: cwt@ski.org

19. On the edge of attractive chaos in a series of semi-abstract photographs by Dominique Genin

Nathalie Vissers ¹ , Pieter Moors ¹ , Valeria Guiot ² , Sarah Delcourt ¹ , Dominique Genin ³ and Johan Wagemans* ^1,

¹ University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium; ² Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy; ³SLAC, Belgium

Abstract

Photography as an art form is not only aimed at capturing some aspect of reality, but it also yields more abstract images. As other visual artists, art-photographers often seek the edge of attractive chaos, trying to strike a balance between covering and uncovering organization and meaning. In a collaboration between artists and scientists, we wanted to better understand the relation of complexity to aesthetic appreciation in a series of 24 semi-abstract photographs, derived from everyday objects or scenes, with intentional variation of complexity and recognisability. In an online survey, several hundreds of participants, who varied greatly in art background and experience, were asked to rate all photographs on four bipolar 7-point scales (simple-complex, boring-interesting, ugly-beautiful, unpleasant-pleasant). A quantitative index of complexity (PHOG complexity) was calculated to complement the subjective participant ratings of complexity. Results showed that there was not one edge of attractive chaos (or one optimal level of complexity). Instead, a U-curve relationship was found, with simple OR complex photographs appreciated more than those of moderate complexity. Interestingly, this pattern differed greatly between participants. The biggest subgroup of participants consistently followed this general pattern, but a second large subgroup consistently followed the opposite pattern. This group found photographs of moderate complexity most beautiful, pleasant and interesting. Differences between subgroups could not be explained by demographics or artistic variables. The study highlights the importance of examining the relationship between complexity and aesthetic appreciation in a set of real art stimuli and to take into account individual differences in this relationship.

*Contact author: johan.wagemans@kuleuven.be

20. Composing abstract images – Differences between artists and lay people

Philip Letsch and Gregor Uwe Hayn-Leichsenring*

University of Jena, Germany

Abstract

The role of artistic capabilities in the creation of abstract artworks is a matter of debate. Research suggests that the cognitive appreciation of art depends largely on expertise. However, only few studies have focused on the creation of artworks. While some studies have found a correlation between creativity, personal attributes and intelligence levels (Zaidel, 2014), other studies established a link between local visual processing ability and drawing skills (Chamberlain, 2015). Nonetheless, not much is known about the role of expertise in the production of art. Here, we asked 16 experts and 16 lay persons to create 10 abstract images by arranging given pictorial elements (30 elements per image). Afterwards, we measured the statistical image properties of the created images. We found that artists created less self-similar images with a higher affinity to the rule of thirds. In a follow-up experiment, we investigated whether independent observers can detect the compositional differences between the images that had been created by artists and lay persons. We found that 20 naïve participants sorted 57.5% of the images into the correct category. Therefore, we conclude that artists and lay persons compose images differently, and that naïve observers can detect these differences in the created artworks.

*Contact author: gregorhaynleichsenring@googlemail.com

Talk session: The role of statistical and principal properties

21. Differences in statistical image properties between traditional art, Bad Art and abstract art

Christoph Redies* and Anselm Brachmann

University of Jena, Germany

Abstract

By pairwise comparison of edge orientations across an image, we have recently shown that edge orientations are largely independent of each other in traditional visual artworks of Western, Islamic and Chinese provenance (Redies et al., 2017). Moreover, these categories of artworks are characterized by an intermediate degree of subjective complexity, as measured by the fractal dimension, and intermediate to high self-similarity of luminance gradients. Here, we extend the study of these image properties to two types of artworks that we expected to deviate from traditional art: (1) so-called Bad Art from two museums that collect contemporary artworks of lesser importance (MOBA museum and OBAMA museum), and (2) abstract art from two prestigious museums (Tate Gallery and NRW Collection). In the multidimensional space that is defined by the above image properties, we measured the Mahalanobis distance of each artwork to the cluster of traditional artworks. Results reveal that, although there is a considerable degree of overlap between all three types of art, many examples of Bad Art and abstract art deviate from the pattern of image properties that characterizes traditional art. We speculate that some artists who created Bad Art failed to produce images with the structure of traditional artworks due to lack of artistic training, whereas some abstract artists deliberately turned away from the traditional art style. In conclusion, our study suggests that objective image properties allow distinguishing traditional artworks from artworks that are of lesser artistic importance or follow other aesthetic principles.

*Contact author: christoph.redies@med.uni-jena.de

22. Visual statistics of large samples of Western artworks

George Mather*

University of Lincoln, United Kingdom

Abstract

Over the last twenty years a number of studies have analysed the image statistics of artworks to test whether the mark-making choices of artists can be described, at least in part, in terms of certain mathematical rules governing image content, and human aesthetic responses to that content. Debate in the field is still ongoing, and is driven partly by three unresolved questions:

1. (i) How do different statistical measures compare?
2. (ii) Are artistic choices influenced in some way by the values of particular visual statistics?
3. (iii) Do the values of particular visual statistics bear any relation to viewer responses to artworks?

This research attempted to address the questions by analysing 476 Western artworks dating from 1435 to 2008, drawn from the JenAesthetics and MART datasets. Results showed that:

1. (i) There are moderate correlations at best between the values of three different luminance statistics (Fourier spectrum slope, fractal dimension, and Shannon entropy), so they cannot be considered as equivalent and measuring the same image properties;
2. (ii) Statistical values are relatively stable over time and over art genres until the advent of abstract art in the early 1900’s.
3. (iii) Across the full image set there is no clear and simple relation between image statistics and viewer responses.

*Contact author: gmather@lincoln.ac.uk

23. Exploring aesthetic experiences of females: Affect-related traits predict complexity and arousal responses to music and affective pictures

Manuela Marin ^1,* and Helmut Leder ²

¹ University of Innsbruck, Austria; ² University of Vienna, Austria

Abstract

Aesthetic experiences are determined by bottom-up and top-down influences. We studied the effects of affect-related personality traits in relation to complexity and arousal responses to affective visual and musical stimuli in the context of Berlyne’s psychobiological model (1971). Two hundred and six females rated environmental scenes, environmental scenes converted into cartoons, and representational paintings (Exp. 1). Another group of 77 females rated excerpts of piano music (Exp. 2). We assessed trait emotional intelligence (EI), stress reactivity (SR), empathy (Exp. 1), emotional self-efficacy (Exp. 2) as well as engagement with art and music. Linear-mixed effects modelling revealed that affect-related traits emerged as significant predictors in all visual complexity and arousal models, except for the complexity model of environmental scenes. SR was a predictor of arousal induced by environmental scenes, but not for cartoons and paintings, for which an interaction between trait EI and empathy was found. Musical sophistication predicted musical complexity, and the complexity and arousal models comprised interactions between trait EI, SR and emotional self-efficacy. Affect-related traits should be integrated into arousal-based theories of aesthetic experiences. The impact of these traits on aesthetic experiences varies across stimulus categories.

*Contact author: manuela.marin@uibk.ac.at

24. Experiencing (dis)order: Simplicity and order might be appealing but interesting patterns are those that diverge from an obvious order

Claudia Muth ^1,* , Claus-Christian Carbon ¹ and Gesche Westphal-Fitch ²

¹ University of Bamberg, Germany; ² Medical University of Vienna, Austria

Abstract

Research frequently associates high appeal with order, predictability, and processing fluency whereas interest requires increased complexity together with a promise that engagement leads to new insight (e.g., Berlyne, 1971; Muth and Carbon, 2016; Silvia, 2005). Such a potential can be realised by divergence from simple order that still makes us anticipate or associate familiar structures, e.g., a complex or flawed order in a pattern. Nine participants produced appealing or interesting patterns blockwise by rotating basic elements via the program Flextiles (Westphal-Fitch et al., 2013). 20 independent participants evaluated 108 of these images blockwise on various dimensions via a 7-point-scale. Patterns that were intended to appeal were of significantly lower estimated complexity (difference = 1.35, Cohen’s d = 1.67) and significantly more likely to contain detectable order than interesting patterns (difference = 2.10, Cohen’s d = 1.30). Also, obviousness of order was significantly higher in appealing patterns (difference = 2.12, Cohen’s d = 1.56). We also detected a strong positive correlation between subjective complexity evaluations and interest (r = 0.735) versus a weak negative one with liking (r = −0.309). And pictures were more interesting (r = 0.434) but less appealing (r = −0.368) the longer it took to detect order. Obviousness of order was accordingly negatively linked to interest (r = −0.529) but positively to liking (r = 0.473) and stimuli with flaws were more interesting (r = 0.424) but less appealing (r = −0.494). We suggest that interest is influenced by both, association with but also complication of order motivating engagement in finding (new) order whereas liking might be linked to obvious order and might rather reflect spontaneous judgements about an object’s features than a motivational state.

*Contact author: claudia.muth@uni-bamberg.de

POSTERS

(in alphabetical order)

Art and technology at work: Introducing MuseuMedia, the app for navigating art in small museums

Rossana Actis-Grosso*, Giustina Sacco and Daniele Zavagno

Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy

Abstract

We present the concept and design of MuseuMedia, an application developed for improving engagement and developing an immersive User Experience (UX) during the visit of the Francesco Borgogna Museum (FBM) of Vercelli, a small city in Northern Italy.

Augmented reality, as well as indoor navigation, are the core technologies on which the app is based. After profiling target audience and defining requirements based on both technologies and museum practical constraints, user requirements were firstly defined by interviewing visitors on the quality of their experience during the visit. This allowed the development of a high fidelity prototype, tested with a task analysis (n = 12) particularly focused on the availability and pleasantness of extra contents and augmented reality, along with the possibility of tour customizations. The time necessary to accomplish each task and the number of errors were taken as usability measures, whereas UX has been evaluated with spontaneous comments coded employing the thinking aloud method. Results show that MuseuMedia improves efficacy and efficiency in finding the visual artworks of interest, and enriches UX also in terms of aesthetic and cultural experience.

Although FBM has an interesting and rich heritage, it is considered a secondary museum in a nation in which the artistic patrimony is one of the biggest in the world. This implies difficulty in reaching both a considerable amount of visitors and public funding. Developing a tool for museums like FBM is a way to help small realities enhance their visibility and improve the connection between citizens and territory.

*Contact author: rossana.actis@unimib.it

Space as time: Heterotopias in Renaissance paintings of the annunciation

Michael Adams*

Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts, USA

Abstract

My paper argues that heterotopias—the often incongruous spaces—in paintings of the Annunciation to the Virgin Mary of the Renaissance are not merely spatial or iconographic metaphors, rather, they are symbols of time. Moreover, I contend that the vanishing point, which creates the illusion of infinity—itself a heterotopia—indicates irreversible, modern, and thus historical time, bolstering the Annunciation’s claim of historicity. Concurrently, the Renaissance’s representations of space assert its burgeoning sense of subjectivity and self-awareness, and of its own place in history.

Existing literature occasionally describes spaces in Annunciations as references to time, yet these are usually treated as attributes of either Gabriel or Mary, rather than representing the entirety of the encounter. Through a different analysis of the relation of space to time, I contend that just as the vanishing point unifies the pictorial space, it also illuminates the Annunciation’s evocation of the confluence of myth and history.

Besides engaging art historian Erwin Panofsky’s ideas about linear perspective, I also use philosophical methodologies, particularly those of Michel Foucault, whose heterotopias are the linchpin of my research. Mircea Eliade’s work on comparative religion and mythology rounds out my approach. I contend that Eliade’s axis mundi, an imaginary vertical projection from earth to heaven—meant to align dwellings and sacred buildings with the cosmos—appears as a visual element in many Annunciations. Furthermore, during the Renaissance, the vector connecting the viewer to the vanishing point becomes the new axis mundi—in effect a timeline—with infinite space linked to infinite, irreversible time.

*Contact author: mike@mikeadamsartist.com

Beyond boundaries: Artistic interventions in object recognition

Sal Anderson*

University of the Arts London, United Kingdom

Abstract

Processes of depiction and representation by someone with visual form agnosia are introduced through the intervention of artistic practice in an exploration of a neuropsychological understanding of disorders of perception from a perspective of film theory.

The study is based on a collaboration between a filmmaker and a neuropsychologist during an investigation into how someone with visual form agnosia might perceive what they see. An analysis was made of elements in the deconstruction of boundaries and shapes that constitute recognisable forms. Elements were subsequently re-constructed in order to create point of view shots for the production of a film used to convey the subjective perspective of someone with visual form agnosia.

The production process was informed by a diagnostic programme involving both two and three dimensional diagnostics and a ‘neuro-narrative’ model was developed to underpin dramatic storytelling with corresponding neurological implications; an empirical means of linking plot to point of view shots.

Cinema, with its affinity with dream and transient states and techniques and conventions for conveying the subconscious, provides, within the framework of film theory, pictorial strategies of subjective representation. The paper proposes the use of such strategies within film theory in the formulation of an artistic model for the perception of individuals with visual form agnosia and suggests potential insights emerging from those outside the neurotypical.

*Contact author: sal_and@hotmail.com

Affective responses to regular / predictable / irregular curves measured by using a wearable vital sensor

Akira Asano ^1,* , Hung An Nguyen ¹ , Chie Muraki Asano ² , Katsunori Okajima ³ , Mikiko Kawasumi ⁴ , Hirokazu Tanaka ⁵ and Yasutaka Hatakeyama ⁵

¹ Kansai University, Japan; ² Nagoya Women’s University, Japan; ³ Yokohama National University, Japan; ⁴ Meijo University, Japan; ⁵ Hiroshima City University, Japan

Abstract

This research investigates visual affective responses to images of various curves. We focus on “predictability” of curves. A curve is predictable if the evolution can be extrapolated by human vision. We have assumed a hypothesis that a curve that is not trivially simple but predictable is more attractive than both of simple regular curves and irregular non-predictable curves.

We evaluated attractiveness of curves by estimating the activity of the sympathetic nervous system using a wearable vital sensor, to avoid subjectivity on the evaluation of attractiveness. We obtained the electrocardiogram of respondents during watching animations of evolving curves. The R-R intervals of the electrocardiogram were measured and transformed into the frequency domain, and the LF/HF ratio, which indicates the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, was calculated.

Animations containing each of a closed curve of regular vibration, linearly extending vibration, extending and shrinking vibration along a quadratic function, and irregular random vibration, were presented to respondents in a dark room. Duration of each animation was 60 seconds and the electrocardiogram was recorded during the last 40 seconds. The number of respondents was 30.

The results indicate that the LF/HF ratio was marginally significantly (p < 0.1) higher when the curve modulated by a quadratic function was presented than in the cases of regular and irregular curves, based on the paired t-test on intra-observer differences. It suggests that the activity of the sympathetic nervous system tends to be higher in the case of viewing a curve that is not trivially simple but predictable.

*Contact author: a.asano@kansai-u.ac.jp

Distancing art from philosophy

Charles Beasley*

Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany

Abstract

Two of the most recent and cutting-edge accounts of art and its position in human life have attempted to unify it with philosophy. Prinz’s (forthcoming) emotivist account holds that both both art and philosophy are rooted in, as well as responsible for inspiring, the emotion of ‘wonder’. Nöe’s (2015) cognitivist account by contrast, holds that both art and philosophy are second order practices, which are concerned with opening up first order forms of organization that constitute everyday human life to reconsideration.

I contend that both Prinz (forthcoming) and Nöe’s (2015) accounts go wrong in so far as they turn art into something that is overly philosophical, albeit in distinct ways. I begin by arguing against Prinz’s account and show that ‘wonder’ as a founding emotion is either conceived of so broadly that it cannot be of use in a conception of art, or it utilizes a concept of art that is ultimately too ancient in character to be of use in a far reaching conception. Nöe’s account goes the other way and turns out to be too modern in so far as it centred on art’s second order re-organizational capacities and bypasses the role of art throughout most of history. Additionally, it is committed to a fatal aesthetic cognitivism that fails in both its epistemic and aesthetic versions. I conclude by defending a scepticism around defining art put forward by Kivy (1997) and Walton (2007), and argue generally for the independence of art and philosophy in accounts of art.

*Contact author: beasleycharles@gmail.com

Preferences towards angular and curved shapes: The effects of frame and instruction

Olesya Blazhenkova*

Sabanci University, Turkey

Abstract

The present work examined preferences towards angular and curved shapes by manipulating the presence and the type of a frame, as well as the type of instruction. Each curved and angular shape was presented without a frame, enclosed in a square frame, and enclosed in a round frame. Participants were presented 26 shape sets, each containing 6 shapes: unframed curved, square-framed curved, round-framed curved, unframed angular, square-framed angular, and round-framed angular. Participants ranked in order the shapes in each set twice: based on how they are aesthetically ‘pleasing’ and ‘interesting’. The results demonstrated the interaction between the shape form (curved or angular), frame (no frame, square frame, or round frame) and instruction (pleasure or interest). While there were no differences in curvature versus angularity preferences, there were differences in preferences depending on the frame. The round-framed shapes were the most preferred, while unframed shapes were the least preferred. For ‘pleasure’ but not for ‘interest’ instruction, the curvature preference depended on the type of a frame. Round-framed curved shapes were more favoured than round-framed angular shapes, and vice versa, square-framed angular shapes were more favoured than square-framed curved shapes. Additionally, participants completed shape embodiment task that presented curved and angular shapes and required to indicate the evoked bodily sensations in terms of activations or deactivations. Angular shapes evoked more bodily activations than rounded shapes, especially in the head and chest areas. Furthermore, the relationships between shape preferences and emotional processing were examined by using self-report and performance assessments of emotional ability.

*Contact author: olesya@sabanciuniv.edu

Pleasure as self-maintaining motivation – A Kant-based approach

Katharina Blühm*

Berlin, Germany

Abstract

“What is strange and anomalous,” wrote Kant, is that it is “a feeling of pleasure (consequently not a concept at all) which, through the judgment of taste, is … connected with the representation of an object, just as if it were a predicate”. The (proximate) pleasure at stake is thought to reflect the suitability of the stimulus to animate the mind, and manifests itself in the process dimension. It is – in a first empirical approximation – the feeling intrinsic to the self-maintaining flow of a better-than-predicted success of the interplay between the imagination and the understanding.

An interesting analogy exists with the infovore proposal, which highlights the preference for richly interpretable stimuli (Biederman and Vessel, 2006). The authors point to the exceptional number of mu-opioid receptors in the parahippocampal cortex and the GABA mediated influence of their employment on the striatal dopamine release. This generates a loop of pleasure and motivation, which incessantly leads back to the expectation- and interpretation-driven ‘logic’ of sense-making. For Kant, a perceptual/hermeneutic flow starts spontaneously and without a preexisting task. Infovore behaviour also operates in the absence of urgent just-in-time requirements. As part of an exploration/exploitation balance – the exploratory activity is running without acute desire and precedes the knowledge of what to seek. This disposition is likely to be implemented by means of the resource Panksepp describes as the SEEKING system; repeatedly it is called a “goal without goal”. There is intriguing ‘embodied’ background material to discover on ‘pleasure as self-maintaining motivation’.

*Contact author: arttention@gmx.de

Left–Right position in moving images: An analysis of face orientation, face position, and movement direction in eight action films

Carole Bode ^1,* , Marco Bertamini ¹ and Mai Salah Helmy ²

¹ University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; ² University of Menoufia, Egypt

Abstract

There are compositional biases in works of art that have been documented in static images. This study extends the analysis to moving pictures. We examined eight films by four different directors (Ford, Leone, Kurosawa, Chahine), each with a male actor in the major role. These directors are also from different countries (USA, Italy, Japan, Egypt). The analysis focused on three compositional aspects: a) the orientation of the face of the actor (which cheek was visible), b) the position of the face within the image (positioned either to the left of the screen showing the left or right cheek or to the right of the screen showing the left or right cheek), and c) the movement of the actor within the scene (moving to the left or to the right). Unlike in paintings, there is no evidence that the left cheek was visible more often than the right. However, we confirmed that position and facing direction are related, i.e. the actor tends to face toward the centre of the screen. With respect to the analyses of movement, there was a greater frequency of movements from left to right, and this may explain the lower than expected frequency of the left cheek. Interestingly, we found a cultural trend in that the pattern of results from Western directors did not extend to the films by Chahine, which may be influenced by reading direction.

*Contact author: c.bode@liverpool.ac.uk

Expertise in histology alters taste in art

Antonia Böthig and Gregor Uwe Hayn-Leichsenring*

University of Jena, Germany

Abstract

We investigated the effect of exposure to non-art images on art perception. Therefore, we conducted a study in which 47 participants rated 49 images of abstract paintings for subjective liking. Then, the participants received a 45-minute lecture on different topics, respectively. Participants were divided into three groups. Group 1 received a visual and verbal lecture on abstract art, Group 2 a non-visual history lecture, and Group 3 a lecture on microscopic anatomy that involved the exposure to images of intensely stained histological specimens. Directly following the lecture, participants were asked to re-rate the images of abstract paintings that they had rated before. We found a differential influence of the lectures on subjective ratings. While after the art lecture, ratings increased overall, we found no significant change in ratings after the history lecture. Interestingly, we found a selective shift of ratings after the histology lecture. Here, only ratings for Abstract Expressionism paintings increased, but not of Suprematism and Constructivism. Additionally, images with low anisotropy and high self-similarity of gradient orientations received higher ratings after the histology lecture. We conclude that exposure to particular types of non-art images has an influence on the individual taste for abstract art.

*Contact author: gregorhaynleichsenring@googlemail.com

The Golden Ratio is not always preferred in art

Aenne A. Brielmann ^1,* , Joerg Fingerhut ² and Jesse Prinz ³

¹ New York University, USA; ² Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; ³ City University of New York, USA

Abstract

Popular and experimental science often contains claims that people prefer art that adheres to the Golden Ratio - therefore called ‘ideal proportion’. However, studies which make this claim work with a narrow set of stimuli: classic art, geometric figures, or human bodies. We challenge the view that “ideal” proportions always increase liking in art. Many artistic traditions (e.g., Mannerism and Expressionism) intentionally violate proportionality.

Stimuli in our study were paintings and sculptures from various artistic traditions. Half of the artworks originally displayed bodies with ideal proportions, half with non-ideal proportions. Images with ideal proportions were distorted to deviate from this ideal, and images with non-ideal proportions to display ideal ones. German (n = 123) and US-American (n = 120) participants either saw images with “ideal” or non-ideal proportions and rated them on beauty, interest, being moving and distortion. To induce an art context, half of the participants first saw two abstract artworks. The other half (control group) saw the abstract artworks at the end.

Neither Germans nor US-Americans gave different beauty, interest, or being moved judgments of images with ideal versus non-ideal proportions. Distortion ratings were negatively related to beauty in the control group (r = −0.16), but not in the group that first saw abstract images (r = 0.01). This suggests that entering an art context broadens boundaries of beauty. In sum, we show that non-ideal proportions can be as aesthetically pleasing as ideal ones, especially in art. We refute the claim that the Golden Ratio and idealized anatomy automatically result in greater liking.

*Contact author: aenne.brielmann@nyu.edu

Eye centring in selfies posted on Instagram

Nicola Bruno ^1,* and Marco Bertamini ²

¹ Università di Parma, Italy; ² University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

Abstract

Tyler (1998) examined a historical corpus of portraits and found that artists tend to follow an eye centring principle: they often paint the subject such that one eye is centred horizontally. If this tendency originates from psychological mechanisms constraining artistic composition, it should be detectable in portraits by non-professionals. However, Bruno et al (2014) studied a dataset of selfies taken on demand by laboratory participants with no art training and found no support for eye centring. We tested eye centring in a larger (N>3000) and more representative set of selfies spontaneously posted on Instagram from six world cities (the selfiecity database, see Bruno, Protti and Bertamini, 2015; Bruno, Ferrari and Manovich, 2016). In contrast with the previous data base, the distribution of the horizontal position of eye-closer-to-centre peaked around the middle of the image although it was widely spread around it. We discuss this novel finding in the context of differences between on-demand laboratory selfies and selfies spontaneously posted on social media, between different selfie styles, of selfie-taker sex and country of origin.

*Contact author: nicola.bruno@unipr.it

The role of embodiment and image characteristics in the evaluation of graffiti

Rebecca Chamberlain ^1,* , Caitlin Mullin ² , Johan Wagemans ³ , Daniel Berio ¹ , Frederic Fol Leymarie ¹ , Komalta Mirani ¹ and Guido Orgs ¹

¹ University of London, United Kingdom; ² Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA; ³ University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium

Abstract

Graffiti art is a controversial art form, tending to be associated with crime as much as with high art (Gartus et al, 2015). Perhaps due to its place on the periphery of the art world, there has been little empirical work assessing the aesthetic value of graffiti. A recent study assessed image statistical properties of text-based artwork and revealed that images of text contain less global structure relative to fine detail compared to artworks, which represents a deviation from natural scene statistics (Melmer et al, 2013). The current studies investigate the aesthetic value of graffiti relative to other text-based art forms and start to explore the role of embodiment in appreciation of computer-generated graffiti traces. In the first study, a series of images (N = 140; graffiti, text and paintings) were presented to a group of participants online (N = 160). Findings demonstrated that image statistics predicted aesthetic responses to the images but differently for the separate categories of artworks. In the second study, we present participants in the laboratory with synthetic graffiti tags, which are computationally generated with three different movement models: linear, Sigma-lognormal and stochastic optimal control. We then study and evaluate the plausibility and the effect on aesthetic appreciation of these three trajectory formation methods. These studies are the first in a line of research evaluating the aesthetic value of graffiti art and its potential for explicating the mechanisms of embodied aesthetic experience.

*Contact author: r.chamberlain@gold.ac.uk

A new conception and measure of visual aesthetic sensitivity

Guido B. Corradi ^1,* , Juan Ramón Barrada ² and Marcos Nadal ¹

¹ University of the Balearic Islands, Spain; ² Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain

Abstract

The Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test (VAST; e.g., Götz et al., 1979) is a well-known measure of aesthetic sensitivity. People indicate which figure in each of the 50 pairs is better designed. Each person’s measure of aesthetic sensitivity is the degree of agreement with art experts. Our study had two aims. First, we wished to examine VAST’s psychometric properties: We tested 163 participants on the VAST to check its internal consistency. Results indicated a poor performance (between item correlation = 0.11). Second, we wished to develop a new conception of aesthetic sensitivity: We conceive visual aesthetic sensitivity as the degree to which people’s aesthetic responses to visual stimuli are influenced by the sort of visual features commonly regarded as aesthetic qualities. Here we have focused on 4 such features: symmetry, complexity, curvature and balance. Seventy participants rated their liking for three sets of stimuli varying in curvature (Bertamini et al., 2016), symmetry and complexity (Jacobsen and Hofel, 2002), and balance (Wilson and Chatterjee, 2006). Liking scores for each set were modelled using linear mixed effects models. Each participant’s aesthetic sensitivity to each feature was measured as the individual slope. Our results indicate that sensitivity to curvature correlated significantly with sensitivity to symmetry (r = 0.38; p = 0.0023) ) and sensitivity to complexity (r = 0.37; p = 0.003): People whose liking was influenced by curvature were also influenced by symmetry and complexity. No other correlation among the four features was significant, suggesting that aesthetic sensitivity is multi-dimensional in nature.

*Contact author: guidocor@gmail.com

E-motions: Whole figures are more than the sum of face and body

Olga Daneyko ^1,* , Rossana Actis-Grosso ² and Daniele Zavagno ²

¹ Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom; ² Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy

Abstract

E-motions are defined as those emotions whose expressions incorporate a sense of dynamicity (Actis-Grosso and Zavagno, 2015). We hypothesize that when the only way to represent the passage of time was by means of still pictures, e-motions were used by artists to enhance the dynamicity of visual artworks. To test this hypothesis, we are running a series of experiments on a constantly increasing database of visual artworks representing emotional faces and bodies. The present study is aimed at testing the implied motion (or dynamicity) conveyed by whole figures whose faceless bodies and bodiless heads have been already tested in previous studies, as well as the terms used to indicate different emotional states (VSAC 2014). We asked 100 participants to rate the perceived dynamicity and emotional content of 14 figures, separated from their context and presented in isolation (Session 1) and to associate to each figure a single emotion (Session 2) from a list of 7 emotions used in our previous experiments. Results show that figures with higher perceived dynamicity are those in which a single emotion was more clearly associated by all participants. More interestingly, by comparing our data from different studies, we found that for a same figure the sum of dynamicity ratings for faceless bodies and bodiless heads does not explain the dynamicity ratings for the whole figure. Moreover, the emotion portrayed by the last does not necessarily coincide with the emotion portrayed by the bodiless head or headless body. In this sense whole figures are more than the sum of face and body.

*Contact author: olga.daneyko@shu.ac.uk

Visual recipes for convincing representations of grapes in Dutch Golden Age paintings

Francesca Di Cicco ^1,* , Maarten W. A. Wijntjes ¹ , Jeroen Stumpel ² , Joris Dik ¹ and Sylvia C. Pont ¹

¹ Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands; ² Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Abstract

Artists can be regarded as vision scientists in the sense that pictorial art is gaining a role as a scientific tool to understand the inputs used by our visual system to perceive objects and materials. Dutch Golden Age painters are specifically acknowledged for their accurate research into a naturalistic representation of the world. They learned to master pictorial recipes that conceive, layer by layer, the illusion of realism. The perceptual effects conveyed by these layers are mostly unexplored. Here, we assume that each layer reveals one specific property of the depicted materials. We aim to identify which material properties are perceived in the case of grapes, and how they relate to the judgment of convincingness. 10 observers were asked to rate the convincingness of several paintings of grapes. Another group of 10 observers was asked to rate, for the same set of stimuli, not only the convincingness, but also their perception of translucency, glossiness, bloom and depth. We found that the convincingness rating was highly correlated between the two experiments. On average, the attribute of depth was found to correlate most strongly with convincingness, and weakly with glossiness and translucency. Interestingly, the bloom was rated inconsistently. Altogether, this shows that there is a strong agreement on what grapes should look like to be convincing, and that the perceived convincingness does not consciously rely on the attributes given in the second experiment. This suggests that to evoke a convincing impression in paintings, material properties have to be combined following visual “recipes”.

*Contact author: f.dicicco@tudelft.nl

Making sense by drawing. A field study with experimental physicists on the epistemic function of collaborative sketching activities

Judith Dobler*

University of Potsdam, Germany

Abstract

Sketching and drawing are traditionally located in the visual arts and design disciplines such as architecture, design and engineering sciences. Nevertheless, the practice of pictorial notation in form of sketches, mind maps, and diagrams can be observed in many other professional fields. What function do these imaginative procedures have? Do they differ from classical drawing activities in their genesis, aesthetics, and function?

Applied experimental physics is suited for an investigation from the perspective of visual and design research because physics has always been a “visual” science, in which (practical) arguments are guided by images, equivalent to verbal language discourses. As a visual artist and design researcher, I use drawing as a research tool to enter the field, becoming familiar with the research object and to communicate with the scientists. Through an ethnographic case study in a laboratory of experimental physics, it becomes visible how scientific knowledge and collaborative design activity overlap in the observation of visual, material, and social practices. The concept of a collective epistemic imagination is introduced here, which is anchored in the disciplinary culture, mostly as an informal practice. Preliminary conclusions are that the sketches have various functions. Besides imaging thought processes they also serve as objects, addressed as a “third” agency in the interaction. A paper sketch is a mediating object facilitating the exchange of thoughts. It is also a tool for communication amongst and with experts, and for visualising research insights.

*Contact author: info@judithdobler.de

Pointillist transitions

Andrea van Doorn ^1,* and Jan Koenderink ²

¹ Utrecht University, The Netherlands; ² University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium

Abstract

Pointillism and divisionism were widely explored in the late nineteenth, early twentieth century. From the perspective of vision research there are a variety of mutually distinct issues involved, whereas the effects obtained by the artists are not readily located in the mainstream vision research understanding. The bewildering variety of approaches explored by the artists and the huge gap between generic stimulus configurations used in vision science and those that excited the artists at the time are probably reasons that science has had little more than trivialities to add to the artist’s empirical achievements. We explore two technically related aspects that appear of generic importance to the understanding of pointillist and divisionist techniques. One involves the nature of “edges”, “boundaries” or “transitions”, or whatever one chooses to call them, the other the difference between mainly chromatic versus mainly tonal distinctions. Although these are indeed important issues, they do by no means exhaust the pointillist-divisionist toolbox. The sheer variety of effects that play in these art-forms defeats simplistic, abstract scientific approaches. This study is a first attempt to explore these matters. We present measurements of the apparent separation of pointillist-divisionist patches meeting in ill-defined transitions.

*Contact author: andrea.vandoor@gmail.com

Light art as a pedagogical tool for teaching the science of colour perception

Daniel Garside*

University College London, United Kingdom

Abstract

When teaching a multidisciplinary group of undergraduates a course on the science of colour perception, great value was found in using examples from modern art, in particular the light art of Olafur Eliasson.

For many key concepts in colour science, examples from the field of light art were found which presented key scientific ideas in a clear and engaging manner, that complemented that of a traditional demonstration. For example, photographs of Eliasson’s installation artwork, ‘Reality Machines’ were shown to introduce the concept of subtractive colour mixing. In this artwork, a room was filled with partitions made of strongly coloured transparent plastic sheets. Upon first inspection, the room seems to be filled with many colours, and only upon closer inspection it becomes apparent that all the colours are created only by overlapping combinations of cyan, magenta and yellow sheeting.

I will argue that such apt examples exist, because in the field of perceptual studies, both artists and scientists deliver valid perspectives from within the traditionally scientific roles of researcher, experimenter and communicator. Further, installation and light art often focus on studying the action of the observer; a subject clearly key to the pursuit of perceptual sciences.

Finally, I shall consider how greater integration of the arts and sciences can inspire novel teaching methods for the traditionally scientific subject of colour science, particularly the employment of research-based teaching methods.

*Contact author: dannygarside@outlook.com

Individual differences in aesthetic judgments of symmetry

Andreas Gartus* , Helene Plasser and Helmut Leder

University of Vienna, Austria

Abstract

It is well known that for novel abstract patterns, symmetry is an important predictor of aesthetic judgments. However, it is also known that, while this is true on average, there exist substantial individual differences.

We investigated preference for symmetry in two experiments: In an online study, 80 participants rated 250 abstract black-and-white patterns differing in symmetry and complexity for liking. In addition, participants completed a questionnaire measuring individual need for cognitive closure (NCC). NCC is conceptualized as desire for definite knowledge and rejection of ambiguity. It is assumed to vary between individuals and situations. The second experiment was conducted in the lab and 108 participants rated the same stimuli and filled out the same questionnaires as in the first experiment.

For each stimulus pattern, a continuous measure of mirror symmetry was calculated. In both experiments, we found a significant interaction between individual NCC and mirror symmetry scores of the stimuli: While on average, participants preferred symmetric over less symmetric stimuli, the higher the NCC score was, the higher was also the preference for symmetry. This is in line with theory, since a high NCC is also associated with increased preference for order and structure.

Recently, a relation between NCC and preference for figurative and realistic over abstract and nonrealistic paintings has been shown. Here, we found additional evidence that NCC is also positively related to preference for symmetry. Therefore, the results of our research further support the relevance of need for cognitive closure for predicting individual differences in aesthetic preferences.

*Contact author: andreas.gartus@univie.ac.at

What is in a grid? Perceived flatness and aesthetic appeal in variants of Mondrian compositions

Barbara Gillam* and Branka Spehar

University of New South Wales, Australia

Abstract

The artists of the modernist De Stijl movement argued that a painting is a flat plane and should look like one. They aspired to create purely two-dimensional compositions and to achieve a flatness and absence of depth as complete as possible. According to one of the most prominent artists from this group, Piet Mondrian, referring to a painting by Huzsa (1919) “the overlapping planes in the painting showed an illusion of depth that should be avoided in modern art”. Mondrian experimented with different colouring and compositional techniques finally dividing fields of colour by a black raster or grid of horizontal and vertical lines. The use of a grid has been widely credited with the dissolution of the illusion of depth in Mondrian paintings. (e.g. von Campen, 1997), so that a visually flat composition is achieved. Here we investigate the perceived flatness in original Mondrian compositions compared to the three novel variants: 1) grid removed 2) grid removed but colour partitions as in the original composition 3) grid removed and subtle occlusion cues (t-junctions) between differently coloured partitions introduced. Our results show that except in variants with explicit occlusion clues, there was no significant decrease in the perceived flatness as the grid was removed, especially if the number of plane partitions was kept the same as in the original painting. Nevertheless, the compositions with grid intact were rated as more aesthetically pleasing than their counterparts with the grid removed.

*Contact author: b.gillam@unsw.edu.au

The aesthetic self effect

Javier Gomez-Lavin ^1,* , Joerg Fingerhut ² and Jesse Prinz ¹

¹ City University of New York, USA; ² Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany

Abstract

The “moral self hypothesis” emphasizes the role of social attitudes and endorsed personal values when it comes to question of personal identity and therefore corrects earlier overly individualistic accounts in this area (see Prinz and Nichols, 2016). Regarding “diachronic personal identity” Nichols and Prinz have found strong support for the claim that changes in a person’s moral values significantly alter perceptions of the identity of the person undergoing the change. In the following, we propose an amendment to the moral self hypothesis, and argue that aesthetic values might figure more prominently among those values that we perceive as being central to a person than previously assumed.

Focusing on preferences for art styles (abstract vs. figurative), cinema genres, and music, we report two empirical findings. First, we presented both German participants (n = 359) and American participants (n = 273), with fictional scenarios that depicted changes in personality. We found that a counterfactual-change in aesthetic taste is strongly perceived as altering a person’s identity for German participants. We term this the “aesthetic self effect.” Second, we explore the conceptual space of genres in cinema and music and how this changes as a function of authoritarianist tendencies. We introduce art-engagement as an important personality measure in this respect.

In general, we propose that the moral self might also be an aesthetic self.

*Contact author: jgomezlavin@gmail.com

Colour associations of the Russian people

Yulia A. Griber ^1,* and Ivar Jung ²

¹ Smolensk State University, Russia; ² Linnaeus University, Sweden

Abstract

Different cultures make their own associations with colour. The aim of this research is to continue the study of the cultural specificity of colour associations and to investigate if there are distinctive patterns in how Russian people subconsciously respond to colour. 70 participants (51 females and 19 males) with a mean age of 25 years (ranging from 16 to 60) without any known colour vision defects, who were born and reside in Russia, were presented 12 pairs of opposites: warm–cold, sorrow–happiness, calm–upset, near–distant, young–old, feminine–masculine, fast–slow, strong–weak, false–true, cheap–expensive, friendly–dangerous, me–others. They were asked to match each word with only one colour sample from a chart with 27 selected shades. The colour chart included three shades of every NCS elementary colour (Y, R, B, G) and every secondary colour (Y50R, R50B, B50G, G50Y). The first shade was the most saturated colour, the second one was a dark shade, and the third one was a light shade for each of those eight elementary and secondary colours. Additionally, we included black, grey and white into the chart. The outcome for the Russian sample was compared to Swedish (N = 70) and Nepalese (N = 77) samples. The results showed unique colour associations among the Russians especially for the pairs feminine–masculine, young–old, and friendly–dangerous. The study also revealed differences in colour associations based on the subjects’ sex, age, occupation, and religion. The findings are of interest for professionals and academics working in visual communications, media, trade and advertising.

*Contact author: y.griber@gmail.com

Aesthetic experience, neuroscience and cognitive science

Nicole Hall*

Institut Jean Nicod, France

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that although neuroscience and cognitive science provide rich and fruitful explanations that can help us understand the underpinnings of the nature of aesthetic experience, they also face certain philosophical problems.

It is argued that attempting to understand our refined aesthetic sensibilities and modes of perception in terms of results in scientific research, that that research potentially only provides an account of the underlying functions of the human mind as it may relate to aesthetic experience rather than aesthetic experience itself, which ought to be thought of as being externally oriented.

For example, Dokic (2016) relies on research provided by Reber’s (2004, 2012) process fluency theory and gives an account of aesthetic experience in terms of a specific mode of organisation of non-aesthetic attitudes that is unified by a characteristic motivational profile, which also consists in aesthetic experience being self-sustaining and involving metacognitive feelings.

While such contributions as process fluency theory and metacognitive feeling provide valuable scientific explanation that help us understand the nature of aesthetic experience, it also potentially undermines the possibility of providing a unified theory of the aesthetic, the possibility of aesthetic properties and the import of externalist or object-oriented approaches.

The aim is not to deny the import of scientific research in the normative, aesthetic, domain (Carroll, 2004), but to target an implied anti-realism about aesthetic properties which also often denies the import of an object’s properties and how these are represented in experience.

*Contact author: nicole.annette.hall@gmail.com

The factors affecting preferred physical size of high-resolutional moving images

Masamitsu Harasawa* , Yasuhito Sawahata and Kazuteru Komine

Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK), Japan

Abstract

We investigated the relationship between the preferred physical size of moving images and its characteristics for 100 8K-resolution short moving images. The study consisted of three experiments; 1) measuring preferred physical size by psychophysical methods, 2) extracting the main subject among each movie and evaluating its size, 3) extracting potential impression components by a semantic differential scale method. In Expt. 1, participants observed 5s moving images in 8K resolution FPD at 80 cm viewing distance. Participants reported their size preference in 2AFC (larger or smaller) for the images resized at seven steps. The 50% threshold was defined as the preferred physical size of the movie, varying with movies over a four-fold range. Generally, natural sceneries were preferred to be watched in a larger frame, and zoomed objects, persons or faces were preferred to be watched in a smaller frame. In Expt. 2, participants picked a region that they perceived as main subject of each movie and reported its size in real world. We generated a size index, log(size in real world) / size in display. In Expt. 3, participants reported their impression on each movie by 21 paired adjectives. Factorial analysis showed that there seem to be four factors; power, thickness, motion, and space. The preferred size and the size index were strongly correlated (r = 0.77). It is suggested that the preferred physical size of movies was primarily determined by the size of their main subjects. Additionally, the deviance from the regression line of individual movies weakly correlated with the impression factors of motion (r = 0.33) and space (r = 0.32).

*Contact author: harasawa.m-ii@nhk.or.jp

The influence of graphic long-term memories on face depiction accuracy is attenuated for trained versus untrained drawers

Neil Harrison* and Richard Russell

Liverpool Hope University, United Kingdom

Abstract

A vital part of accurately drawing portraits is the accurate vertical positioning of the eyes, non-experts however typically place the eyes higher on the head than they are located in reality Recently, we showed that the bias to place the eyes too high in observational drawings was related to the size of the bias in memory-based drawings, for both human and non-human faces (Harrison and Davies, 2017). This finding suggested that participants’ observational drawings were influenced more by internal representations of the model (e.g., graphic LTM representations) than by the actual model itself. In the current study, we investigated whether the drawings of trained artists would be less influenced by memory representation of the model, compared to untrained participants. Trained (N = 12) and untrained participants (N = 43) drew a face from memory and then copied a model face. The trained group made fewer vertical eye placement errors than the untrained group, in both the memory-based and the observational drawings. In the untrained group, larger eye-placement errors in the memory-based drawing were significantly associated with larger errors in the observational drawing, however there was no association for the trained group. Crucially, the size of the correlation coefficient was significantly larger for the untrained compared to the trained group. These findings provide evidence in support of theories arguing that skilled artists may be able to suppress graphic LTMs to produce more accurate observational drawings.

*Contact author: harrisn@hope.ac.uk

The researcher’s artwork – An ontological problem

Gregor Uwe Hayn-Leichsenring*

University of Jena, Germany

Abstract

In empirical aesthetics research, the question arises: What mode of being (ontological state) do artworks adopt in our world? On the one hand, artworks can be described as real-world objects that possess specific objective criteria (‘physical items’). On the other hand, artworks can be described as non-objective entities that exist as psychic states (‘mental items’). Due to the complex nature of artworks, a third option has been favoured: Artworks are ‘mixed items’, which means that they are physical items and mental items, simultaneously. Researchers in the field of empirical aesthetics, however, often treat their respective stimuli as physical items or mental items. This leads to the following problems in the interpretation of experimental results: (1) Some psychological studies are invalid when performed on copies instead of actual artworks, (2) the state of mind of the observer is often neglected and (3) an inference from general perception experiments to art perception and vice versa is highly problematic. To avoid these problems, the special ontological state of artworks must be taken into account. I recommend a more careful handling of mixed items as stimuli in experiments and an appropriate interpretation of the data in order to conduct conclusive aesthetic research.

*Contact author: gregorhaynleichsenring@googlemail.com

The picture lies in the eye of the beholder. A qualitative case study on motifs of ‘photographic reception’

Lea Hilsemer*

HBK Braunschweig, Germany

Abstract

The project is based on an experience one has had in almost all kinds of exhibitions for the last several years: seeing more and more exhibition visitors photographing what is displayed instead of looking at it – or at least that is how it might sometimes appear.

Different attempts to explain this phenomenon subscribe to the view that bringing a camera between yourself and the art has nothing primarily to do with its perception and thus with an aesthetic experience or art appreciation. Rather, it must rather interrupt, interfere with or hinder it.

Nonetheless, defining the terms of aesthetic experience or art appreciation has always led to vivid discussions in academia. Until the present day a common understanding of these is based on Bourdieu’s vertical paradigm from the 1960s, according to which participation in art is dependent on the ability to use a certain knowledge, which is required for the ‘right’ decoding of works of art.

But “photographic reception” could also be considered as an alternative, more sensual, encounter with art that contrasts with the dominant paradigm of knowledge-based understanding. As such it needs to be questioned for its backgrounds and motifs. Taking photographs made by visitors of art exhibitions into account, visitors will be interviewed to find out about the motivations to take photos, what happens to them after the exhibition visit and what all that reveals about the aesthetic experience of their makers.

*Contact author: lea.hilsemer@hbk-bs.de

Does ‘pictorial balance’ have different meanings depending on the picture type?

Ronald Hübner* and Martin Fillinger

University of Konstanz, Germany

Abstract

Art experts usually assume that the aesthetic appreciation of a picture strongly depends on how well its composition is balanced. Meanwhile, the relation between balance and liking has also been confirmed by empirical studies. Some formal measures of balance have been developed, whose scores strongly correlate with mean liking ratings. Such measures provide an insight into the mechanisms of balance perception. However, they have so far mostly been applied to simple stimuli, in which balance mainly varies with the spatial distribution of elements. It therefore remains an open question to what extent the observed relations also hold for more complex pictorial compositions. In a recent study (Gershoni and Hochstein, 2011) that used Japanese calligraphy as stimuli a relationship between a formal measure of balance and liking ratings was not found. In the present study, we replicated this outcome. To further investigate the limits of the proposed measures of balance, we conducted an experiment with pictures from the Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test (VAST; Götz et al., 1979), which can be categorized into three picture types. Although subjective balance and liking ratings were strongly correlated for at least one picture type, there was no correlation with the formal measures. This suggests that there are different types of balance that are relevant to aesthetic appreciation. In the present case, it seems that the participants interpreted pictorial balance in the sense of ‘gravitational’ stability. Taken together, our findings suggest that the concept of pictorial balance has different meanings, depending on the picture type.

*Contact author: ronald.huebner@uni-konstanz.de

Static and depicted bodies in art

Leonardo Impett* and Sabine Süsstrunk

EPFL, Switzerland

Abstract

It has long been accepted that artistic depictions of bodies in art are not universally mimetic. In psychology, however, 2D depicted bodies are often treated as snapshots of real human gesture. We expand on our recent psycholinguistic work to consider the visual perception of ‘static-depicted’ bodies.

Previous studies have shown evidence for separate form and motion contributions to the emotional communication of the human body: both form and motion differ significantly between live and static-depicted bodies.

We first investigate differences in form, comparing 1,665 human poses in Western art to the FLIC database of 5,003 poses in cinema. We find very significant deviations between the poses of the two datasets, providing empirical evidence for the discrepancy between depicted and natural body-poses.

We consider examples of artworks exploiting visual motion cues to show emotion through implied body movement, following work that shows this to aid emotional communication in live interaction. We compare the effects of static images enhanced by stroboscopic motion cues, to static (snapshot) and dynamic (short video) stimuli. Our stimuli are produced with a 3D skeleton model, animated with MoCap data, avoiding the ambiguities of point-light limb displays.

Our results confirm previous findings that dynamic stimuli improve emotional attribution, but do not suggest a significant improvement between static and stroboscopic stimuli. Further experimental work is proposed to investigate different static motion cues, and on the blurred relationship between motion and form.

*Contact author: leonardo.impett@epfl.ch

Exploring network connectivity during visual aesthetic experiences

Ilkay Isik* and Edward Vessel

Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Germany

Abstract

Whether it is a painting or a natural scene, human beings consistently favour interactions with aesthetically pleasing objects. However, the mechanisms supporting aesthetically pleasing experiences remain to be discovered. Previous research found that the ventral visual pathway and the default-mode network (DMN), large-scale brain networks that are typically anti-correlated, become simultaneously active during moving aesthetic experiences, suggesting that such experiences are correlated with a change in the dynamics of large scale brain networks. We measured BOLD fMRI as participants made aesthetic judgments about landscapes, architecture and a diverse set of paintings by answering the question “how much does image move you?”. We tested the hypothesis that ventral visual regions would show functional connectivity (fc) with nodes of the DMN and that this fc would be content specific and modulated by preference. Core regions of the DMN and category-selective visual regions in ventral occipito-temporal cortex (PPA, FFA) were identified for each individual using a rest scan and a visual localizer. We found that the three aesthetic domains differentially activated regions in ventral occipito-temporal cortex: FFA was most activated by art and PPA was most activated by architecture. The caudate and DMN were also modulated by aesthetic preference. A measure of dynamic fc (multiplication of temporal derivatives) revealed fc between category selective ventral visual regions and several nodes of the DMN, but that fc was not content specific nor modulated by preference. These results suggest that aesthetic appreciation may not be directly mediated by connections between content-specific brain regions and the DMN.

*Contact author: ilkay.isik@ae.mpg.de

Cross cultural differences in creativity

Tal Ivancovsky*, Jenny Kurman and Simone Shamay-Tsoory

Haifa University, Israel

Abstract

Creativity is a universal cognitive ability as is the desire to create something novel and unique. Yet, cultural differences in creativity have been repeatedly reported. The majority of the studies that compared levels of creativity between cultures documented lower levels of creativity in non-Western as compared to Western cultures.

In the current study, cross-cultural differences in creativity were explained in the framework of the Twofold Model, according to which creativity involves idea generation and idea evaluation phases. Since East-Asian encourage conformity, highly unique ideas are more likely to be inhibited during the “evaluation phase” of the creative process.

Three groups were investigated: 40 Israeli students who represent a Western culture, 40 Korean students and 60 Japanese students who represent Eastern cultures. These groups were compared on their creativity level, in both phases.

Significant differences were found between the groups in the creativity tasks, in which Israelis evincing higher score compared to Korean and Japanese participants. A hypothesized trend was found in the Evaluation task, which implies that cross-cultural differences in creativity might be derived by differences in the evaluation stringency.

*Contact author: tala.iv@gmail.com

Aesthetic perception and attribution of personality traits of patients with dysgnathia before and after orthodontic surgery

Reinhold Jagsch ^1,* and Klaus Sinko ²

¹ University of Vienna, Austria; ² Medical University of Vienna, Austria

Abstract

Processing and analysing the human face is essential in social contexts. The practice of assigning personality characteristics constitutes an important act of inference when perceiving individuals, especially when assessing individuals who deviate from established aesthetic norms. We developed a computer-assisted test battery using photographs of dysgnathia patients before and after orthodontic surgery and mixed them with facial photographs of non-affected healthy individuals. We then examined the degree to which dysgnathia patients are appraised as deviating in terms of aesthetics and personality traits (e.g. pleasant, smart, attractive, confident) by a sample of dysgnathia-naive healthy test subjects. In a second experiment, we additionally recorded standardized video clips of patients and compared them with the photographs based on the list of features mentioned above. Group effects as well as time effects were found by way of a postoperative approximation to the norm for both aesthetic and personality features. Factor analyses identified the same two-factor structure for the static photographs as well as the dynamic video clips. While assessments of aesthetic features did not differ between the two modes of presentation, ratings of personality features seemed to undergo a kind of “smoothing” effect in the video clip condition. In addition to evaluating surgery effects, these results suggest new means of determining how aesthetic and personality attributions are formed and how they interact in the process of assessing unfamiliar or unknown individuals.

*Contact author: reinhold.jagsch@univie.ac.at

Arousal transfer effects of environmental scenes on self-reported arousal and pleasantness in response to representational paintings

Nina Jahrmann ¹ , Helmut Leder ¹ and Manuela Marin ^2,*

¹ University of Vienna, Austria; ² University of Innsbruck, Austria

Abstract

Visual artworks can induce a wide range of emotions. However, it remains unclear whether and how these emotions can be influenced by emotional arousal induced by other objects in everyday life. Here, we propose to investigate this question by applying a priming paradigm with the aim to examine arousal transfer effects induced by environmental scenes on self-reported arousal and pleasantness in response to representational paintings. In Experiment 1, 67 students reported their felt arousal in response to 32 low- and high-arousing targets in a control condition as well as in two priming conditions with 32 low- and high-arousing primes. For high-arousing paintings, males reported higher arousal after high-arousing primes than in the control condition, whereas low-arousing primes led to similar arousal ratings as in the control condition. In females, arousal ratings after high-arousing primes and in the control condition were similar, but low-arousing primes led to lower arousal. For low-arousing paintings, no gender effects were observed. Arousal ratings were lowest in the control condition, increased after low-arousing primes and were highest after high-arousing primes. In Experiment 2, another 66 students provided pleasantness ratings. For pleasant paintings, pleasantness was highest in the control condition, decreased after low-arousing primes and was lowest after high-arousing primes. For unpleasant paintings, pleasantness increased after both low- and high-arousing primes compared to the control condition. These arousal transfer effects of environmental scenes on felt arousal and pleasantness in response to visual art suggest that aesthetic emotions are susceptible to emotional arousal stemming from other sources.

*Contact author: manuela.marin@uibk.ac.at

Valence, arousal and cognitive evaluation (VACe) model of aesthetic experience of artworks

Dragan Jankovic*

University of Belgrade, Serbia

Abstract

The same artwork can induce a wide range of different cognitive and affective responses in different beholders. The first study was aimed at examining the semantic structure of responses to artworks in children, adolescents and adults. The developmental differences in aesthetic assessment criteria can help us to understand the general assessment process of artworks. Participants (9-, 13- and 18-year-olds) rated aesthetic preference of 14 paintings on the bipolar beautiful-ugly scale, and were asked to report what they had in mind while making aesthetic decisions. Collected verbal responses (2143) were classified in 10 narrow and 3 broader categories. The results showed that children, adolescents and adults relied on different criteria while reaching aesthetic decisions: perceptual responses (colour, subject matter) decreased with age, while cognitive (formal aspects, cognitive elaboration) and affective responses increased with age. Contrary to some previous developmental models (e.g., Parsons, 1987), the results of this study suggest that there are no clearly differentiated stages of aesthetic development. In the second study, the same participants rated affective experience (valence, arousal and cognitive evaluation) of all verbal responses provided in the first study. The results showed that linear combination of valence, arousal and cognitive evaluation explained 94–98 percentage of variance in aesthetic preference of paintings in different age groups. We propose VACe model of aesthetic experience of artworks where preference of an artwork is determined by affective experience (valence, arousal and cognitive evaluation) of all meanings activated in the mind of the beholder while observing an artwork.

*Contact author: djankovi@f.bg.ac.rs

Embodying movies: The influence of social context on emotional film reception

Laura Kaltwasser ^1,* , Martina Ardizzi ² , Marta Calib ² , Luca Settembrino ¹ , Joerg Fingerhut ¹ , Michael Pauen ¹ and Vittorio Gallese ^1,2,3

¹ Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; ² University of Parma, Italy; ³ University of London, United Kingdom

Abstract

Movies contact us at an embodied level. As we observe actors on screen our physiology simulates their movements, but also their emotions and thoughts. We identify with characters in a movie when we partly re-live their aspirations and fears. This may be accompanied by physiological changes in the autonomous nervous system involved in emotion processing, such as galvanic skin response (GSR) as an indicator for emotional arousal and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) referring to the activity of the vagus nerve. In the current study, we investigate whether the described psychological and physiological processes are affected by the audience with whom a person watches a movie. We are interested in understanding filmic experience as shared activity based on the collective intention to jointly attend to the same object – the movie. We conducted the study in a real movie theatre in Berlin. Participants were twice invited to watch previously rated emotional film scenes eliciting amusement, anger, tenderness, or fear. Once they watched the scenes alone, once in a group (counterbalanced). We tested Theory of Mind, Empathy, reported emotional state, memory, RSA and GSR in dependence of the social condition. Preliminary results suggest that sharing the filmic experience leads to a more pronounced emotional experience, on the behavioural, and – for empathetic individuals – also on the physiological level in terms of increased RSA. GSR showed a social condition effect only in tenderness scenes. We discuss these results in reference to theories on the role of empathy in aesthetic experiences.

*Contact author: laura.kaltwasser@hu-berlin.de

Depth perception in AR art

Jason Kao*

University of Malta, Malta

Abstract

The arrival of smart devices has aroused an interest in Augmented Reality (AR) among wide audience and dedicated businesses. The phenomenon of Pokémon GO since 2016 demonstrates the development of the idea has increased significantly. However, compare with the developments in entertainment, very little exploration has been made towards the implementation of AR art creation. As an embodiment of blending of physical and virtual worlds, the new medium allows digital artists to explore the ideas among dimensions, space, true and false, replacement and interaction. A proper blend of realities provides the qualitative foundation of viewing experience. Studies of visual depth perception, such as objects occlusion, shadow, size and colour are greatly applied in the immersion and the realism improvement. This project focuses on AR as the platform to investigate visual depth perceiving in the physical and virtual objects, and hence looks at the immersion of virtual objects in real world environment via AR Art practices. A series of artworks are designed to characterise various depth perceptivities. Viewers hold a smart mobile device aiming at the exhibited objects to trigger AR animation in the screen. For example, a shadow from a physical human figure sculpture is then replaced by an AR animated shadow. While the viewer is entertained by the dancing shadow when the actual sculpture doesn’t move at all, the artist can evaluate the viewing experience on the contentment of the virtual depth cue replacement, and furthermore, to validate the implication of depth perception manipulations in AR art viewing quality.

*Contact author: shihchueh.kao@gmail.com

Distressing: Delight between boredom and confusion

Jan Koenderink ^1,* and Andrea van Doorn ²

¹ University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium; ² Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Abstract

In the decorative arts “distress” is also known as “weathered look”, or “antiquing”. Expertly painted textures are in good taste if one is visually aware of their faux nature, yet simultaneously enjoys the texture and expertise. The fake marbles of baroque churches are generally admired, whereas faux crocodile leather plastic smart-phone cases look as contemporary kitsch. There appears to be an “uncanny valley” effect. Gombrich famously argued that certain eyesores from nineteenth century art pompiers can be rendered acceptable, or even pleasant to look at when sufficiently distressed. He used a piece of structured glass for the distressing, which makes it hard to do a parametric study. With modern computers the latter has become an easy chore. Gombrich’s observation, which is also found in various treatises on the artist’s craft, suggests that there might be a “sweet summit” in distressing. As Gombrich has it, “delight lies somewhere between boredom and confusion”. An overly smooth and/or detailed “licked” painting will almost certainly profit from some “loosening up”, whereas an overdose of distressing will tend to destroy the work for many viewers. We explore these levels of distress in a parametric study on a number of paintings.

*Contact author: koenderink.jan@gmail.com

Aesthetic experience of contemporary dance choreographies: The influence of the choreographer’s style and observers’ identification with story

Ágota Vitkay Kucsera ¹ and Maja S. Vukadinović ^2,*

¹ University of Novi Sad, Serbia; ² Novi Sad Business School, Serbia

Abstract

The present study investigates differences in the aesthetic experience of contemporary dance performances depending on the choreographer’s style and the observers’ identification with the story. 38 students from the University of Novi Sad participated in the study. The stimuli consisted of eight contemporary dance performances, four choreographed by Travis Wall and four by Sonya Tayeh, originally performed within the American televised dance competition show ‘So You Think You Can Dance’. After observing each performance, the participants rated their degree of ‘Identification with the story’ on a 7-step scale, as well as their aesthetic experience on the 12 scales measuring the three dimensions of aesthetic experience of dance: Dynamism (7-step scales: expressive, powerful, strong, exciting), Exceptionality (eternal, ineffable, unique, exceptional) and Affective Evaluation (delicate, elegant, seductive, emotional). The results have shown that there is a significant main effect of the Choreographer on the assessments of aesthetic experience of contemporary dance performances (F(3,35) = 3.851, p < 0.018). The dimension of Affective Evaluation was assessed with higher values concerning the routines choreographed by Travis Wall (F(1,37) = 7.15, p < 0.011). ‘Identification with the story’ was rated with significantly higher values in the routines choreographed by Travis Wall (t(37) = 31.75, p < 0.001). The analyses indicated a significant correlation between the ratings of ‘Identification with the story’ and the dimension of Dynamism (Wall: r = 0.391, p < 0.005; Tayeh: r = 0.449, p < 0.005) and Exceptionality (Wall: r = 0.427, p < 0.007; Tayeh: r = 0.398, p < 0.013). The higher the ‘Identification with story’ the individual’s experience of the performance is rated as more powerful, exciting exceptional and unique. The results of this study are in line with previous findings that suggest an important role of subjective identification in an observer’s aesthetic experience of dance performances.

*Contact author: vukadinovicmaja.vps@gmail.com

Scrooge McDuck & the Big Bang – On flawed and limping images

Tom Lambeens ^1,2 and Sofie Gielis ^1,*

¹PXL-MAD, Belgium; ²UHasselt, Belgium

Abstract

Perception is an essential part of each art practice. We define perception as the act in which we try to get the widest possible grasp on the full, unlimited range of reality. Although we acknowledge that there is always a far greater residue of reality. We interpret seeing as image thinking, which barely distinguishes between what is thought and what is seen, between a physical and a mental image. This means that each viewer has a huge mental capacity to interpret the images that surround us. Seeing is and is allowed to be a creative act.

Seeing is always mediated: we don’t look at images, we look through images. These mediated images are not universal but imbedded within the context they are in, or on a larger scale within a culture. All major cultures, like Ancient Greece and Christianity, developed framing images that offered stability in the unstable that is common to mankind. A clear depiction of the beginning and the end of life, for example – that which cannot be imagined. The numerous birth scenes and Madonna’s with child in Christianity mark the individual origin, as a.o. the Pieta does for our end. Or, on a larger scale, the biblical story of Paradise, both as a narrative and as an image, functions as the beginning; while the Apocalypse and the Day of Judgment are the end.

After God was declared death by a succession of the French Revolution, Darwin and Nietzsche, these shared framing images lost their appeal. Our current era is characterized by an image culture that stresses originality, individual frames. It is remarkable, however, that the Big Bang, which marks the beginning in our current scientific worldview, does not live up to the expectations of an anchoring, framing image. Still, our images are reminiscent of a shared sense of culture. This paper singles out some of these image elements, developed in the 19th century, that function as cultural metaphors, such as the walking stick, the bridge and the umbrella, and traces back their path through art history, how they shapeshifted through various art practices and formed a sense of common culture.

*Contact author: sofie.gielis@pxl.be

Mona Lisa’s happiness is by 35% in the eye of the beholder

Emanuela Liaci ^1,2,* , Andres Fisher ^1,2 , Markus Heinrichs ² , Ludger Tebartz van Elst ² and Jürgen Kornmeier ^1,2

¹ Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany; ² University of Freiburg, Germany

Abstract

We investigated the influence of immediate and long-term memory on the perception of Mona Lisa’s emotional face expression (high-level ambiguity) and of geometric lattice stimuli (low-level ambiguity). We utilized the “perceptual hysteresis effect”, which allows a quantification of memory influences.

In Experiment 1 we created a series of nine Mona Lisa variants by a stepwise manipulation of the mouth curvature. In Experiment 2 we presented nine lattice variants differing in the back-layer’s luminance. Each experiment consisted of two conditions with opposite orders of stimulus presentation. In a third condition stimuli were presented in a random sequence. Participants indicated happy or sad face percepts and alternative 3D lattice percepts by key presses.

For both stimulus types and all conditions perception followed sigmoidal functions. The sigmoid positions on the abscissa depended strongly on the presentation orders (hysteresis effect). In Experiment 1 (Mona Lisa) the sigmoid of the random condition was located in between the two ordered conditions. In Experiment 2 (Necker lattice) the sigmoid of the random condition was superimposed on one ordered condition. The sign of the hysteresis effects differed between stimulus type.

Our results indicate both similarities and differences between high- and low-level ambiguity. Perception of both Mona Lisa and the lattice stimuli can depend by up to 35% on perceptual memory. The direction of memory influence, however, was stimulus-driven (repulsion/adaptation for Mona Lisa and attraction/priming for the lattices), which may be explained by either the duration of stimulus presentation or by stimulus complexity.

*Contact author: emanuela.liaci@protonmail.com

Listening to paintings

Rob van Lier* and Arno Koning

Radboud University/Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, The Netherlands

Abstract

We investigated the influence of auditory input on the appreciation of paintings. We were interested whether the judged beauty of a painting was influenced by the fit between tonality and painting or by the tonality per se. We first tested the influence of major and minor chords, played simultaneously with selected portraits (portraits were pre-classified by means of an internet-based survey as having ‘positive’, ‘negative’ or ‘neutral’ appearance). When participants rated the beauty of the chord/painting combination the results revealed a clear interaction between chord type and portrait appearance with highest scores for the combinations major/positive, and minor/negative. However, when the participants rated the beauty of the painted portraits while still hearing major/minor chords, all paintings were rated higher when major chords were heard. In a second set of experiments we explored the generalizability of this finding, by having different sets of chords and paintings. We now included portraits, landscapes, and abstract paintings (and a no-sound condition). The results were replicated for faces and landscapes. For the abstract paintings, however, we found an interaction for both rating conditions (‘chord-and-painting’ vs ‘only-the-painting’). The findings suggest that beauty judgements of paintings with a clear semantic content do not depend on the perceived fit between auditory tonality and the visual image. Rather, the tonality tends to bias the judgements of the paintings in the direction of the auditory valence. In contrast, the evaluation of abstract paintings appears much more sensitive to the apparent fit between sound and vision.

*Contact author: r.vanlier@donders.ru.nl

The importance of art in medical and training environments

Steven Ligthert ^1,* and Bianca Huurneman ²

¹ Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ² Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, The Netherlands

Abstract

Art is generally considered to pertain to galleries, museums and the general upper class. But art has, besides encompassing culture in general, the ability to not only stimulate children’s motivational behaviour in controlled perceptual learning (PL) environments, but adds to the general quality of life understood as a way of sense producing. In other words, art has the ability to transpose the temporary and focus on possibilities (cf. Heidegger’s Ursprung des Kunstwerkes, 1935/36). Such a transformative power of art was operationalized in our recently developed near-acuity PL paradigm that improves visual acuity by ~30–40% in 6 to 11-year-old children with infantile nystagmus (Huurneman et al., 2016). Between training blocks, children played a reward game for which photographs of camouflaged animals were used. Initially, the pictures were masked by 49 rectangles, but training performance allowed children to uncover the photographs. Children liked the reward game (average smiley rating 4.3±0.1 on a 5-point scale); it offered a break and children could recall the pictures and the ones they preferred. Including art in training environments results in a more joyful experience. In a way, this position entails the inversion of the objective “hard science” way of looking at the world since a phenomenological, subject-oriented perspective, as can be found in Heidegger’s Ursprung des Kunstwerkes or genetic account of sense, as can be found in Deleuze’s Logique du Sens (1969), focuses on the generation of sense production in persons. We conclude that art can stimulate children to interact with training materials to overcome disabilities.

*Contact author: steven.ligthert@gmail.com

Mannerism and fractals – A mathematical-visual intuition

Vasco Medeiros*

Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract

In 1982, Benoit Mandelbrot published his work The Fractal Geometry of Nature, in which he proposed an abyssal breakthrough in the Euclidean conceptualisation of the universe, marked by a geometric and iconic semiology of space and his genuine and true fractal facet. In the introduction, Mandelbrot asks the reader the same question as to the Euclidian aridity of nature previously formulated by Vasari, «Why is geometry often described as ‘cold’ and ‘dry?’”. His response precisely illustrates the “Mannerist” dimension of nature by failing to submissively abide with the “Euclidinisation” of universal geometry. The fractal geometry thus formalises the materialisation of around a century of sparse contributions and take its place with a renewed heuristic formula within the scope of mathematics itself. But is this visual intuition of the world, really innovative and original? Western art witnessed a brief and apparent visual dysfunction regarding the absolute mimesis of the real after the first decade of 1500. The Mannerist composition arises out of a collapsed imago-mundi in which the seminal structures that served to organise the mental image of the universe underwent conversion into disruptive and chaotic formulations. The Ars Naturans, draws on a morphological “drunkenness” for its spatial restlessness and disquietude and, in this apparent compositional chaos, finds a full match between creative impulses and a chaotic and disruptive view of nature. This singularity requires an approach in accordance with its real dimension, i.e., as a phenomenon that overlaps and anticipates irregular morphological patterns and displays from intuitive and non-conceptual spheres.

*Contact author: medeiros@campus.ul.pt

Images of Blacks, Orientals, Indians: Cross-cultural perspectives in 19^th century European and American art

Dalila Meenen*

Paris-Sorbonne University, France

Abstract

The 19th century witnessed a rediscovery of a number of populations and landscapes. The conquest of the Middle and Far East by European colonial powers as well as the expansion of the United States to the West brought about a confrontation of the white man with alternative cultures, humans and landscapes. As the expansion and conquest of foreign territories progressed, an image of the exotic “Other” began to take on concrete forms in Europe and the United States.

Even though the artistic production of European and American artists couldn’t be further apart, literary divided by an ocean and focusing on different subjects, the paper proposes a visual approach and an empirical and comparative study of works of art born in these diverse contexts and picturing the “local Other”.

At first sight, these images of Orientals, Blacks and Indians, these “exotic” populations and the landscapes that define their living environment, seem to be created in relation to the artists’ respective cultural backgrounds and anxieties, very different for European and American artists, but they are actually all united by the notions of wonder and discovery. The topic of this paper invites to analyse the strategies and approaches of 19th century artists on both sides of the Atlantic to transcribe a vision of the “Other” between wonder and discovery, admiration and fear.

*Contact author: dalilamee@gmail.com

Data sublime and the readable sky

Romi Mikulinsky*

Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, Israel

Abstract

This paper explores the co-dependency between the explosion of information technology and human imagination, focusing specifically on stargazing and celestial imaging. Thanks to rapid technological advances in the 20th century, Astronomy, the “science of enhanced looking”, has become inseparable from digital technology. Computation has not only accelerated mediated or enhanced observation, but has also made celestial imaging ubiquitous.

The feeling of awe and the existential element that traditionally accompanied stargazing are now apparent in the way the information society relates to data. Drawing on Julian Stallabrass’ concept of “data sublime” the similarity between looking at the night sky and looking at data becomes more evident.

Considering stargazing as a scientific and aesthetic phenomenon, powered by data science, I then turn to two aspects inherent in data analysis: the historical dimension and predictive analysis. The former reconstructs the creation and demise of galaxies from the wealth of data found in the traces they have left behind. The latter is the act of mining historical data to forecast future events, a probabilistic system evocative days of yore prophecy.

The questions I raise include: How are we to understand the temporal dimensions inherent in stargazing (e.g., its “time-travel” quality, as we look back in time at travelling light)? What opportunities do the new era of data-mining techniques, AI and mechanical stargazers offer astronomy? How are we to conceptualize the new breed of professional astronomy data-miners and new uses for “old” and new data? What can artists and designers contribute to this new understanding?

*Contact author: rominska@gmail.com

Shooting angle and the miniature effect in photography

Kayo Miura*

Kyushu University, Japan

Abstract

Miniature faking is a photography effect in which full-scale subjects are made to look like miniature-scale models. The main factors in creating this effect are gradual image blur and a high chroma. Because most miniature-faking photographs are taken from high shooting angles, this was thought to be another important factor. However, the influence of a shooting angle on the miniature-faking effect is not well understood. We investigated the effect of high shooting angle on the miniature impression of photographs. In one experiment, we used an architectural model because this allowed shooting angles to be changed easily. Cylinders placed on the side of the architectural model were perceived to be larger, and the architecture was perceived to be more realistic in photographs taken from a high shooting angle, contrary to the hypothesis that high shooting angles result in images that look miniaturized and unrealistic. In another experiment, we used photographs of real scenes taken from various shooting angles. These were presented to participants either unprocessed or post-processed to produce a miniature-faking effect. Participants were asked to evaluate the miniature impression of photographs and to rank photographs according to the miniature impression. The results showed that a high shooting angle did not influence the miniature impression of photographs. These results suggest that high shooting angle alone does not directly affect the miniature-faking effect. The indirect influence of shooting angle, combined with factors such as, density and number of subjects or typical viewing angle, remains unclear, and is a topic for future study.

*Contact author: miurak@kyudai.jp

Study on criteria for artistic activities by people with disabilities – Development of criteria lists by literature survey

Tsukasa Muraya* and Yasuyuki Hirai

Kyushu University, Japan

Abstract

Recently, the artistic activities of people with disabilities have evolved beyond the boundaries of art and welfare. This tendency is remarkable in Japan, and creates a new source of value to Japanese society. However, a holistic evaluation method for those activities has not been created yet. There are many viewpoints regarding the value of artistic activities by people with disabilities among the people supporting these activities.

The purpose of this study is to create common criteria for those involved. This study compares the viewpoints and evaluation approaches proposed by five prominent experts in the field. Based on this research, two sets of criteria were created. The first, “Criteria for the conditions of people with disabilities” (consisting of 12 items and 15 sub items), is aimed at people who support those artistic activities. The second, “Criteria for supporter’s awareness” (consisting of 15 items and 22 sub items), shows how carers can make appropriate work environments for people with disabilities. These criteria are intended to provide a common ground for the discussion of the value of artistic activities by people with disabilities. Said criteria will promote constructive debates by people in various positions and facilitate artistic activities by people with disabilities in the future. Following the Japanese case study, it will be necessary to compare the results with those of other countries.

*Contact author: t.muraya.555@s.kyushu-u.ac.jp

Live transmission as drawing practice

Morgan O’Hara*

New York, USA

Abstract

I am interested in the human experience of time and space. My work is culturally contextualized in the practice of drawing as a fundamental human endeavour and is continuous with the time-honoured practice of drawing from life. I draw from and build on the historical continuum of the field. This requires presence, connection, direct observation and LIVETRANSMISSION. Through this work, I transcend arbitrary “oppositions” between abstract and figurative art, between purely gestural expression and documentary intent, creating narrative work which results in a final product which is not figurative.

The method I have developed requires close observation and actual drawing in real time with multiple razor-sharp pencils and both hands. My performative drawings track, in real time, the vital movement of living beings, transcending both figuration and abstraction, executing a direct neural translation from one human action into another. Simultaneous to an action taking place, I draw methodically, condensing movement into accumulations of graphite line which combine the controlled refinement of classical drawing with the sensuality of spontaneous gesture. Time-space coordinates for each drawing are recorded with precision, contextualizing each activity in a specific continuum and geographic place.

I will present my work with a power point presentation showing multiple images of my LIVETRANSMISSION drawings accompanied by a text written to accompany the presentation. The presentation will be directed toward both artists and scientists interested in vitality, movement, concentration and visual perception and hand and eye coordination. On a table in front of the poster I will exhibit drawings done during the conference in which I tracked live the hand movements of speakers as they made their presentations. It is my hope that this will generate a productive conversation.

*Contact author: morgan@morganohara.com

Aesthetic perception of movement synchrony in live dance performances

Guido Orgs ^1,* , Staci Vicary ² , Matthias Sperling ³ , Jorina von Zimmermann ⁴ and Daniel Richardson ⁴

¹ University of London, United Kingdom; ² Western Sydney University, Australia; ³ Artist and Choreographer, United Kingdom; ⁴ University College London, United Kingdom

Abstract

Synchronising movements between individual performers is a central aspect of performing dance. Yet, existing research on dance aesthetics has largely focused on the movements of one performer only. Here, we investigated the role of behavioural coordination in aesthetic appreciation of live dance performances. We conducted two experiments in which participants performed a set of movement tasks that were either performed as a group or individually. During execution (dancers) and observation (spectators) of these tasks, we assessed cross-recurrence of individual acceleration profiles and psychophysiological responses using wrist sensors. We also recorded continuous ratings of aesthetic appreciation and perceived group characteristics. We show that movement synchrony is associated with group affiliation among performers and predicts spectator’s heart rate and enjoyment. In a follow-up-fMRI study, we used inter-subject correlations (ISCs) to link movement synchrony among performers to brain synchronisation among spectators. Comparing expert and novice spectators, ISCs revealed greater synchronisation in professional dancers than in novices in visual and motor areas of the brain. Our findings point to an evolutionary function of dance in communicating social signals between groups of performers and spectators.

*Contact author: g.orgs@gold.ac.uk

Let’s talk about gender: Linking aesthetic preferences to assertiveness and nurturance

Stefan A. Ortlieb* , Uwe C. Fischer, Anna Moosmann and Claus-Christian Carbon

University of Bamberg, Germany

Abstract

Recent findings suggest that women tend to be more responsive to aversive visual stimuli than men: On average they rate troubling images as more arousing and show stronger physiological reactions (Bradley et al., 2001; Spalek et al., 2015). With regard to artistic preferences Chamorro-Prezumic and colleagues (2010) found that women favoured paintings with happy subjects, while men showed a bias toward artworks with troubling content. In a rating study we examined responses to threatening and non-threatening content in paintings from the 16th century (N ₁ = 150, 47 males) and found that appreciation of threatening content was more pronounced among male participants. This finding was confirmed by a second study featuring threatening and non-threatening content in contemporary artworks, N ₂ = 70 (32 males). Moreover, liking of threatening content was positively correlated with masculinity scales and inversely related to femininity scores (GEPAQ, Runge et al., 1981). Since scales for masculinity and femininity are essentially measures of assertiveness and nurturance (Wiggins and Broughton, 1985) we make a case that our findings reflect gender-related differences in basic needs for arousal and security (Bischof-Köhler, 2006). A comparison of traditional androcentric and recent feminist accounts of the sublime supports this assumption: While the male-dominated classic canon relates sublimity to self-assertion in the face of danger and conflict, postmodern proponents of a “feminine sublime” (Freeman, 1995) focus on extraordinary experiences of self-transcendence and communion. Finally, we integrate these findings into a functional model which relates aesthetic preferences to interpersonal traits.

*Contact author: stefan.ortlieb@uni-bamberg.de

Artwork as sensory space

Ebru Ozsecen*

Munich, Germany & Turkey

Abstract

Artwork comes to life within the space that it is showcased in. There are different viewpoints to this concept of symbiotic relationship between Artwork and Space and how they complement each other. I aim to represent this complex but less explored domain of the interdependent relationship as a “Sensory Space”. The paper aims to clarify the key general concepts of exhibiting contemporary Art; namely the space, site, place, studio, installation and spectator. The core intent is to present “Artwork as Sensory Space”, something that appeals to the senses in a way that has not been explored extensively before. The selected Artworks aim to illustrate themselves as “Sensory Space” within the realms of contemporary exhibition criteria. The core intention of the approach is to train the sensorial experience and recognize the relationships which define the conditions of space in terms of perception and execution parameters for architecture and Artwork. In addition, it purports to discuss the influence of the exhibition space and architecture on the human body and psyche, and the interaction between space, body and artwork. It seeks to redefine the significance of air, light, humidity, wind speed, temperature and acoustics as considered as living things that impact the perception surrounding the artwork. And it aims to reform the invisible, matter, void, quality and comfort in order to bring consciousness for the Artwork, exhibition space architecture, display indoor or outdoor and scientific interventions for the perception of the spectator, and to implement the norm for future artists, architects and scientists.

*Contact author: ebruozsecen@aol.com

The electrophysiological and perceptual effects of whole-body OVO colour-immersion

Patrizio Paoletti ^1,* , Joseph Glicksohn ² , Stefano Lasaponara ³ , Federica Mauro ^1,4 and Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan ¹

¹ Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation; ² Bar-lan University, Israel; ³IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia; ⁴ Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

Abstract

While artists have been long aware of the importance of specifically-oriented stimuli, only recently neuroscience has started examining the effects of art on perception and neuronal states. Thus, although there are some reports on effects of perceived colours on mental and physiological functions, electrophysiological studies of these effects are rather rare.

In order to examine the effects of whole-body colour-immersion, we chose to examine the OVO whole-body Perceptual Deprivation tank, which has recently been found to induce changes in the perception of time and space. In turn, these perceptual changes were accompanied by alterations in alpha (8–10 Hz) power, known to be related to creativity. Using exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (e LORETA) to localize the generators of the scalp EEG power spectra, we examined the electrophysiological effect of whole-body colour stimulation inside the OVO. We found that blue elicited significantly more theta (4–7 Hz) power compared to red, especially in middle occipital and inferior temporal gyri, areas related to visual perception and synesthesia.

In conclusion, whole-body OVO and colour-immersion in specific colours can induce a precise electrophysiological and perceptual experience. Understanding the effects of specific colours, forms and their underlying mechanism may aid artists, architects and therapists choose the best stimuli, in order to orient themselves and the observer towards the inner state that they would like to achieve.

*Contact author: research@fondazionepatriziopaoletti.org

Sharing pain and grief online: A project on digital humanities to study the role of the image as an element of mediation, destigmatization, connection and co-presence

Rebeca Pardo* and Montse Morcate

Universitat de Barcelona, Spain

Abstract

Sharing pain and grief online: the self-referential digital image of illness and death as a means of destigmatization, connection, visibilization and co-presence (http://deathandillness.com/index.php/ sharing-pain-and-grief-online/) is a research project (2015–2017) that aims to identify and to analyse self-referential visual narratives of pain online using qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

The sharing of images portraying illness and death on a daily basis is an aesthetic phenomenon that re-appeared in the 21st century, after a progressive and massive rejection and oblivion in the public sphere during the 20th century (with the exception of images taken by professionals and usually focused on the most dramatic symptoms as part of their medical or journalistic interest). As a consequence, the social perception of these images has changed since the 19th century. Nowadays two major factors have evolved: images have taken a more active role in social network sites (going from the classic “memorial” function to a more communicative and activist role) as well as an increasing process of connection between peers (among people in grief, suffering from an illness or taking the role of the caretaker), generating a new kind of communities online.

It is important to contextualize this phenomenon with the iconography that previous images have created of certain stigmatized illnesses. Most of the images we are working with are not professional images but snapshots and quotidian images, taken and shared by the patients and/or their relatives (whether they are artists, photojournalists or just common users of SNSs) and aiming to normalize, humanize and destigmatize social perception of images of illness and grief.

*Contact author: rebecapardo@ub.edu

Painted light: What 10000 pictures reveal about the source of light across ten centuries

Alexander Pastukhov* and Claus-Christian Carbon

University of Bamberg, Germany

Abstract

When inferring the location of the light-source in a visual scene, our visual system has a strong preference to placing it above and, somewhat surprisingly, to the left of the viewer. This preference seems to be also reflected in paintings, as several studies indicate a higher fraction of paintings where the artists placed the light source to the left. Here we re-examined this finding, utilizing a large stock of artistic paintings spanning a period of more than 2000 years of art history with a focus on the last millennium. Seven art-naïve participants estimated the presumed direction of the light beam in paintings plus their confidence (7-point Likert scale). To control for response biases half of the trials showed horizontally mirrored paintings. Consistent with prior reports, we found for about 60–70% paintings the light source was localized to the left. Importantly, this finding was not based on a response bias. Clear effects of light coming from the left emerged at the time of the beginning of the early Renaissance era, initially at around 1420 known as the Quattrocento in art history. Such a clear effect was only available until the end of 19th century. In addition, we found that low level visual properties can be used to correctly predict the side from which the light comes for approximately 70% of the paintings.

*Contact author: alexander.pastukhov@uni-bamberg.de

The role of mental imagery ability in Fine Arts, Psychology and Engineering

María José Pérez-Fabello ^1,* and Fatima Maria Felisberti ²

¹ University of Vigo, Spain; ² Kingston University, United Kingdom

Abstract

The ability to use mental imagery allows us to visualize objects, situations and people when they are absent. Freed from the constraints of reality, mental images are more flexible than perceived objects. Images can be transformed and modified endlessly in our minds, which plays a key role in creativity. Cognitive processing style modulates several ad hoc creative activities which have a direct impact on imagery. This study examined and compared the cognitive styles involved in the processing of mental imagery in Fine Arts, Engineering and Psychology students. The 961 students (524 females) completed the Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (Blazhenkova and Kozhevnikov, 2009) and the Mental Rotation Test (MRT, Vandenberg and Kuse, 1978). In a nutshell, “Spatial Visualizers” (SVis) process images component by component, allowing dynamic image transformations, whereas “Object Visualizers” (OVis) codify images as a single perceptual unit. The findings revealed that Fine Arts students were better at processing images as OVis rather than as SVis or via verbal processing. Engineering students were better as SVis and Psychology students behaved as OVis, but also relied on verbal processing. Fine Arts students had higher scores in image rotation than Psychology students, and males were more accurate than females. As evidenced by our findings, new studies are needed to access students’ skill sets in image rotation and other types of mental image processing at the start of their studies, in order to identify weaknesses and develop efficient training strategies to correct them.

*Contact author: fabello@uvigo.es

The relation of graph visualization and aesthetics: An empirical approach

Marius Hans Raab ^1,* , Hannes Waechter ² , Tamara Mchedlidze ² and Claus-Christian Carbon ¹

¹ University of Bamberg, Germany; ² Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany

Abstract

Graphs are abstract representations of complex object-relation structures; graph visualisations used in virtually all fields of science, from physics and biology, over psychology, up to humanities and social network analysis. Kurosu and Kashimura (1995) confirmed that aesthetic qualities play a major role in usability—and thus, understanding. Our study (n = 122) aimed to test the first impression as well as second stance aesthetics of graph visualizations regarding the variables curvature, beauty, complexity, and interest. We organized the study as two blocks: First, we delimited the presentation time to 100 ms; in the 2nd block participants had unlimited time to respond to the respective variables. We employed graph visualisations with 16 different characteristic outlines, varying from simple rectangular and round to rather complex shapes resembling ink plots and geographical demarcations. In a control study (n = 111), another group received the same task, but stimuli were now filled with grey. We detected a significant correlation between curvature and beauty, both in the first-impression and in the unlimited-time part, for the graphs as well as the shapes. Remarkably, the relation was strongest for graphs shown without time restriction. Complexity, in general, was a good predictor for interest. We conclude that general findings from cognitive science, for example the positive relation between curvature and beauty, do apply (and might even be stronger) for the visualization of complex information. This suggests that a transfer from empirical aesthetics to the field of data visualization is a promising avenue for assisting the enjoyment and understanding of graphs.

*Contact author: marius.raab@uni-bamberg.de

‘Temporal metaphors’: Visual-temporal structures and metaphorical-cognitive processes in the video work ‘quad’ by Samuel Beckett

Ifat Reshef*

Tel Aviv University, Israel

Abstract

Duration is generally perceived as a constant linear flow relating to progression, and in most time-based-visual-art (projected art), duration serves as a narrative platform. However, the perception of duration as such does not capture its full metaphysical essence and subjective emergence. I claim that by cognitive submission to certain works of projected art, spectators can go through an experience, a perceptual-metaphorical process, based on unmediated visual-duration, without the addition (or omission) caused by language. Such experience can assist in organising the information epistemologically available to us regarding ‘Temporality’.

Based on two theoretical anchors: (1) Projected Art Theories - regarding its unique image/duration aesthetics and ‘real time’ essence, and (2) Metaphor Interaction Theories – delineating the interaction between conjoined conflicting terms as illuminating unfamiliar aspects of their meanings, I propose that projected art works, which contain irregular temporal structures, can be seen as ‘Temporal Metaphors’.

‘Quad’, the single work of video created by Beckett examines concepts of duration and repetition using visual/temporal aspects. The work shows a group of people marching repetitively in relation to a square, and since conventional perceptions of advancement are not met, the temporal structure of the piece becomes its central subject. The conflict between layers and aspects of temporality in this work constitutes it as an elaborate temporal metaphor. It can be demonstrated how the prolonged temporality of ‘Quad’ calls for a cognitive metaphorical process that re-examines concepts of duration, and how projected art in general enables such metaphorical processes under the guidelines of this theory. (video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZDRfnICq9M)

*Contact author: ifatreshef@gmail.com

Red versus blue, gaudy versus bleached: Toward the influence of background colour on memory and aesthetic judgment

Bettina Rolke* and Elisabeth Hein

University of Tübingen, Germany

Abstract

We investigated whether the background colour and the background saturation of furniture pictures influence processing speed, memory capacity and aesthetic judgment of these pictures. According to the perceptual fluency hypothesis of aesthetic experience, high contrast pictures (e.g., black pieces of furniture with unsaturated background) should enhance processing speed, induce a stable memory representation, and should be judged as more aesthetic compared to low contrast (e.g., saturated background) pictures. In addition, arousal theories of aesthetic experience assume that a heightened arousal level (e.g., red background colour) should induce a faster processing and a higher level of aesthetic judgment compared to a lower arousal level (e.g., blue background colour). We tested these predictions by presenting black pieces of furniture on different backgrounds and required a speeded discrimination of whether the furniture was a chair or a table. Following this category discrimination task, a recognition memory task with pieces of furniture on white background was used and participants rated their aesthetic impression. In line with the fluency theory, the results showed that high contrast pictures were processed faster, remembered better and judged as more aesthetic than low contrast pictures. Colour of background did not influence any dependent variable. Taken together, the results support the idea that easy processing of stimuli contributes to an enhanced aesthetic impression.

*Contact author: bettina.rolke@uni-tuebingen.de

Wearing hyper-realistic masks: A strong manipulation for embodied cognition

Jet Sanders ^1,* , Ailish Byrne ¹ , Yoshiyuki Ueda ² , Atsuko Tominaga ² , Kazusa Minemoto ² , Sakiko Yoshikawa ² and Rob Jenkins ¹

¹ University of York, United Kingdom; ² Kyoto University, Japan

Abstract

Recently the replicability of embodied cognition findings has been called into question (Goldinger et al., 2016). For example, there have been high profile failures to replicate pioneering research on facial feedback (Strack et al., 1988; replication: Wagenmaker et al., 2016), more recent work on power posing (Carney et al., 2010; replication: Ranehill et al., 2015), and even studies relating clothing to math performance (Adam and Galinsky, 2012; replication: Womack et al., 2016). One criticism of the field as a whole is that the experimental manipulations do not appear to be very strong. Here, we attempted a strong manipulation: complete transformation of participants’ appearance using hyper-realistic silicone masks. These realistic masks are used in the Hollywood special effects industry to create different lifelike characters. In the current experiments, we assessed participants’ strength using self-report and behavioural measures (persistence on a handgrip task). We manipulated participants’ appearance using Young Male Masks (low in age, high in dominance) vs. Old Male/Female Masks (high in age, low in dominance). In each of three experiments, participants who wore a Young Male Mask reported feeling stronger, and compressed a handgrip for longer, compared with participants who wore the Old Male/Female Mask. This result held across different experimental designs (between-subjects and within-subjects), different masks (of Caucasian and Asian appearance), and different cultural settings (British and Japanese participants groups). We suggest that hyper-realistic face masks can be useful in embodied cognition research because they allow strong manipulations of the independent variable.

*Contact author: jgs514@york.ac.uk

Visual perception of a lattice of dots surrounded by a tilted frame: A Gestalt approach

Arefe Sarami and Reza Afhami*

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

Abstract

Over the past decades, experimental aesthetics in art have revolutionized the ideas about perception, cognition and the relation among them. Perceptual grouping based on object proximity, for instance, has been shown to depend on inter-object relations in the configurational extent, space of ratio correlation between the objects and holistic properties of the encompassing space. In this article, we investigated how tilting a frame around a lattice of dots affects visual perception of either vertical or horizontal gravitational attraction. We tilted a square frame at several angles (range: 90° clockwise to counter-clockwise), maintaining the central lattice of dots un-tilted; and, asked the observers to record if they can recognize a vertical/horizontal structure. This allowed identifying the threshold angles where the vertical/horizontal gravity dominates the observer’s perception. We studied the effect of inter-dot distance on the threshold angles in two separate experiments: in experiment 1, at a fixed lattice edge length, we varied the inter-dot distances by inserting new rows or columns of dots; in experiment 2, we maintained the number of dots while doubling/halving the distances. Hence, following the Gestalt approach we examined the hypothesis that the visual perception of proximity is influenced by a tilted frame. Further, we investigated if gravitational illusion (vertical/horizontal) occurs in observers’ perceptual grouping of discrete dots in the lattice. In summary, this analysis identified the threshold angles where the tilted frame led to domination of the vertical/horizontal gravity. The sensitivity of the threshold angles to the inter-dot distances were also investigated in the two experiments.

*Contact author: reza.afhami@gmail.com

Shared meaning in representational and abstract artworks

Astrid Schepman* , Paul Rodway and Julie Kirkham

University of Chester, United Kingdom

Abstract

Aesthetic evaluation is often thought of as personal and idiosyncratic, but other research has suggested that there are also shared, potentially universal aspects of art appreciation. The current research explores to what extent shared meaning might play a role in viewers’ engagement with artworks. We have identified a computational technique that calculates semantic similarity scores for pairs of responses. This allows us to quantify to what extent the meaning a person attributes to an artwork corresponds to the meaning attributed to the artwork by a different person. Using this technique, we have discovered that, while there is much individuality, meaning attributed to artworks is, to some extent, also shared across individuals. Meaning is shared to a greater extent for representational artworks, but we also observed some evidence for shared meaning in abstract artworks, particularly in adults. Further, children exhibit greater shared meanings for representational artworks than for abstract artworks from age four. In addition, when children attribute meaning to art, their liking is enhanced, particularly for abstract art. Overall, our technique for exploring shared meaning has the potential to contribute greatly to a deeper understanding of the role of shared meaning in art, with the potential to explore the extent to which the artist can transmit meaning using visual language.

*Contact author: a.schepman@chester.ac.uk

Interdisciplinary arts and sciences: Reversal and multiplication of spatial articulation in Miao Xiaochun’s 3D environments

Isabel Seliger*

Berlin, Germany

Abstract

Since 2005, the internationally acclaimed new media artist Miao Xiaochun (*1964, China) has been using a 3D visualization program to recreate famous paintings from European art history which he subsequently enters and inhabits in the form of a 3D avatar.

Miao first implemented his new method in The Last Judgment in Cyberspace (2005–2006), which is a virtual replica of Michelangelo’s late Renaissance fresco The Last Judgment (1533–1541) at the Sistine Chapel, depicting the second coming of Christ and the Apocalypse. Miao captured individual scenes from the rebuilt fresco using virtual cameras situated within the software’s interface, simulating its frontal conception (The Front View), two hypothetical vantage points outside the painting (The Side View and The Rear View), as well as the lines of vision of two individual figures (The Vertical View and The Below View).

Miao’s imagining of Michelangelo’s painting as having a front view and a back view is the conceptual point of departure for Judgment, and it serves as the underlying structure for all its other spatial constellations (Miao, 2006). Miao’s 3D scenarios revive a classical Chinese conception of space, linking ancient Chinese thought, specifically the concept of reversed perspective (Wu, 2006), with the modern science of cybernetics (Krikke, 2004). I argue that the combination of traditional Chinese perspectival principles and Western immersive techniques generates complex, multi-directional processes that significantly expand and control the act of seeing, while leading to an unpredictable multiplication of spatial articulation.

*Contact author: i.seliger@berlin.de

Perception of expressive body movements by individuals with autism spectrum disorder

Vassilis Sevdalis ^1,* , Jennifer Mayer ² , Kathy Filer ³ , Peter Keller ⁴ and Pamela Heaton ³

¹ University of Cologne, Germany; ² University of Roehampton, United Kingdom; ³ University of London, United Kingdom; ⁴ Western Sydney University, Australia

Abstract

Individuals with autism present impairments in social interaction and communication. Little is known about how music and dance are processed by these individuals, especially regarding the expressive and perceptual properties of such signals. The present study investigated the perception of biological motion by individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in point-light displays depicting dance. Adult participants with ASD and a matched typically developing control group watched point-light displays (1–5 seconds long) depicting expressive and inexpressive dance movements in visual-only, audiovisual-congruent (i.e., synchronous music to movement) and audiovisual incongruent (i.e., asynchronous music to movement) conditions. The task was to identify the dancer’s intended expression intensity (i.e., expressive vs. inexpressive). A signal detection analysis indicated that expressive body movements were identified reliably even for displays of 1s, and equally well in both ASD and control groups, with discrimination accuracy improving with increasing stimulus duration. Accuracy did not differ across visual-only, audiovisual congruent, and audiovisual incongruent conditions. Although individuals with ASD scored significantly lower than controls on self-report empathy and alexithymia scales, no relation between these measures and perceptual discrimination accuracy was found. The results are discussed in relation to the potential of music and dance signals to stimulate the latent communicative skills of ASD individuals.

*Contact author: v.sevdalis@uni-koeln.de

What is art good for? The socio-epistemic value of art

Aleksandra Sherman* and Clair Morrissey

Occidental College, USA

Abstract

Scientists, humanists, and art lovers alike value art not just for its beauty, but for its social and epistemic importance; that is, for its communicative nature, its capacity to encourage personal growth, its ability to reveal aspects of the human condition, and to challenge preconceptions. However, empirical research tends to discount the importance of the social and epistemic outcomes of art, instead focusing on individual’s preferences, judgments of beauty, pleasure, or other emotional appraisals as the primary outcomes of art appreciation. Here, we argue that a systematic scientific study of art appreciation must move beyond understanding aesthetics alone, and toward investigating the social importance of art appreciation. We make our argument for such a shift in focus first, by situating art appreciation as an active social practice rather than as passive contemplation of aesthetically interesting objects. We follow by reviewing the available evidence that art appreciation cultivates socio-epistemic values such as self- and other-understanding, and discuss approaches toward a more comprehensive empirical investigation. Finally, we argue that centralizing the socio-epistemic values of art engagement not only highlights the important role art plays in our lives, but also the need to advocate for arts programs in a way that avoids the kind of crass instrumentalizing which practitioners often reject as antithetical to the arts. Empirical research on the visual arts can thus be used to show that engagement with art has specific social and personal value, the cultivation of which is important to us as individuals, and as communities.

*Contact author: asherman@oxy.edu

Mona Lisa’s smiles in Leonardo’s drawings

Alessandro Soranzo ^1,* , Olga Danyeko ¹ and Daniele Zavagno ²

¹ Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom; ² Università Milano-Bicocca, Italy

Abstract

‘Mona Lisa’ (1503–05) is the most-visited, written about and parodied work of art in the world. However, the ambiguous allure it features is not unique. Soranzo and Newberry (2015) found a similar display of ambiguity in the lesser-known painting ‘La Bella Principessa’. They suggested that most of the ambiguity of both portraits can be explained in terms of a spatial frequency contingent illusion concerning the direction of the mouth. When viewed closely, the slant of the mouth appears to turn downwards, but when viewed from afar, or when the image is blurred, the edges of the mouth appear to take an upward turn. This apparent modification in mouth slant results in a change of facial expression. The ambiguity may therefore be explained by the perceptual instability of the mouth slant. We have now extended this line of research and discovered that a similar illusion of direction is also present in two Leonardo’s drawings: La Scapigliata (1508) and another Female Head (1470–76). This discovery supports the suggestive hypothesis that Leonardo studied the generation of ambiguity in the expression of portrayed subjects as matter to ‘moti mentali’, i.e. what we may now identify as micro expressions.

*Contact author: a.soranzo@shu.ac.uk

Introducing the Vaiak: A new and validated way to measure art knowledge and art interest

Eva Specker* , Michael Forster, Hanna Brinkmann, Jane Boddy, Raphael Rosenberg and Helmut Leder

University of Vienna, Austria

Abstract

Individual differences in art knowledge and art interest are probably the most important factors why people like or dislike certain types of art. Numerous studies have shown that art expertise—a term that is consistently used, but, as we will argue, not perfectly fitting—does influence how we perceive, understand, and evaluate art. However, to date there is no unified and validated measure to test these constructs properly. Therefore we now present the VAIAK (Vienna Art Interest Art Knowledge) Questionnaire. To base the questionnaire on a solid theory of what constitutes interest and especially knowledge in the arts, the VAIAK has been developed in cooperation between psychology and art history. In a first step we analysed data of 740 people (91% laypersons) on a previous version of the questionnaire. Based on test theoretical measures we then improved the questionnaire. This newly developed version was then tested both qualitatively and quantitatively with a sample of laypersons, art history students, and art experts (people working in an art field). As a last step we conducted a large-scale validation study (>400 participants) with both only laypersons (psychology students) but also “experts” (art history students). We here tested both for concurrent and discriminant validity as well as the ability to discriminate between laypersons and experts. With the new questionnaire, we hope to develop a tool for researchers in empirical aesthetics to properly quantify art expertise.

*Contact author: eva.specker@univie.ac.at

Exploring Mondrian compositions in three-dimensional space – from design to virtual implementation

Jasmina Stevanov ^1,* and Johannes Zanker ²

¹ University of Mainz, Germany; ² University of London, United Kingdom

Abstract

Through the iconic style of his abstract paintings, placing grey, blue and yellow triangles in a grid of black horizontal and vertical lines, Piet Mondrian today is known as the most prominent member of art movement De Stijl. The axiomatic, but not always specific and unambiguous nature of their theoretical framework led to a vivid and diverse discourse between members. In particular, painters and architects were disputing the implementation of neoplastic ideals on the planar canvas and in tree-dimensional structures. Little is known about Mondrian’s architectural work, with the notable exception of the geometric three-dimensional design plans for the interior of a ‘Salon de Madame B. à Dresden’. It was not executed and whilst logistic problems, lack of funds, loss of interest could have been plausible reasons, here we point towards physical constraints of experiencing space conflicting with the ideal form of Neoplasticism, and discuss the perceptual mechanisms of reconstructing internal 3D representations from 2D retinal images. To illustrate the incompatibilities between De Stijl propositions and the ‘Salon’, we built physical and virtual models to highlight challenges arising from perspective projections and how such distortions could be minimised in a cylindrical space. In computer graphics animations we demonstrate how small changes in the design, such as emphasising the black lines in Mondrian-like patterns, would affect the perception of rectilinearity of the virtual space, an imperative of neoplastic doctrine.

*Contact author: jstevano@uni-mainz.de

On the origins of inverse perspective

Jeroen Stumpel*

Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Abstract

In linear perspective, orthogonal lines converge, while in ‘inverse’ (also ‘reverse’ or ‘inverted’) perspective they diverge. The phenomenon occurs in various cultures, such as in the Chinese Song period, but it is most striking in Byzantine art and the related world of Russian icons.

There have been different explanations for the origin and occurrence of this method for rendering geometrical objects. These explanations range from inherent difficulties in the drawing of geometrical models after life, to the idea that in Byzantine art the viewpoint is not determined by the artist or viewer, but by the protagonists within the painting, or even the eye of God.

What is generally left out of the discussion, is the way in which pictures in these periods were actually produced. Rather than being painted from life or after actual objects, they were mostly copied from venerated examples from the past.

In such a transmission process, size constancy may play tricky roles. In fact, many examples discussed in the literature are not examples of inverted perspective at all, but of parallel perspective. Factors playing a role in the famous Ponzo illusion, make them merely appear to be cases of inverse perspective. Interestingly, copies of such parallel perspectives are likely to produce actual examples of inverted perspective, as is confirmed by experiments performed by the author.

So, origins of this stylistic phenomenon can be really explained, on the basis of an historical analysis of transmission and production, and theories of perception, in particular theories concerning size constancy.

*Contact author: j.f.h.j.stumpel@uu.nl

Seeing with the mind’s eye. On the art history and aesthetics of ‘blind art’

Tobias Teutenberg*

Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Germany

Abstract

This research project aims on writing the art history of ‘Blind Art’ along its crucial stages. The key term refers to a heterogeneous set of works created by internationally and intermedially active blind artists, originating in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. Among them for instance is Jonathan Huxley, who teaches painting at the Royal Academy of Arts in London, the Slovenian philosopher and photographer Evgen Bavar with his surreal black and white photographs as well as outsider positions, such as John Bramblitt, who supposedly feels various pigments and thus uses colour in his paintings differentiated.

The project pays special attention to the discursive interweaving of Blind Art with the history of perceptual research, to the social history of blindness as well as to the artistic and art-theoretical examination with blindness and the invisible. On the meta-level of the study, a reflection on the image-theoretical status of the works of blind artists - which on the one hand serve almost exclusively visually effective media and styles and which, on the other hand, arose in the darkness of a visual work processes - will be undertaken as well.

*Contact author: t.teutenberg@zikg.eu

Anticipating popularity of photographs on Instagram. How balance-related low-level features of photographs predict Instagram Likes

Katja Thömmes*

University of Konstanz, Germany

Abstract

“3.058 people like this.” In the digital age, people very commonly indicate their preferences by clicking a Like button. Liking data generated on the photo-sharing platform Instagram potentially represent a freely accessible resource for research in the field of experimental aesthetics. I compiled a database consisting of about 700 architectural photographs published on Instagram by five professional photographers and the corresponding liking data. First, I asked a group of independent participants for aesthetic preference ratings for a sample of Instagram photos to examine whether the Likes indeed relate to aesthetic appeal. Second, I checked whether previously studied low-level features of ‘good’ image composition account for the number of Likes architectural photographs get. I investigated the preference for curvature over angularity, three measures of visual balance (symmetry, balance, homogeneity), and differences between images with ‘2D’ vs. ‘3D’ appearance.

I found that preference ratings indicate that Instagram Likes clearly correspond to aesthetic appeal. Moreover, the preference for curvature is reflected by Likes and visual balance predicts the number of Likes in ‘3D’ photographs (R ² = 0.10), more balance meaning more Likes. However, in less complex ‘2D’ photographs the relation is reversed (R ² = 0.08), more balance meaning less Likes. Interestingly, balance effects increase in non-curved compositions (R ² = 0.17) and diminish in curved compositions (R ² = 0.04). This project is a starting point for research on photographic composition using Instagram data. It illustrates the potential of low-level features to predict online liking data and provides a fruitful methodological basis for future research.

*Contact author: katja.thoemmes@uni-konstanz.de

Eye movements in the spectatorship of portraits

Tobiasz Trawinski ^1,* , Natalie Mestry ² , Beth Harland ³ , Simon P. Liversedge ¹ and Nick Donnelly ¹

¹ University of Southampton, United Kingdom; ² Bournemouth University, United Kingdom; ³ Lancaster University, United Kingdom

Abstract

Portraiture is a genre of painting where sitters are painted, typically within a context. In this study, we explored the spectatorship of 142 portraits (70 Manet, 36 Courbet, 36 Fantin-Latour) by measuring naïve participant eye movements made while they judged their liking of the portraits. Participants also completed a small battery of cognitive tests. We hypothesized, and found, that fixations were mostly made to the sitter, in particular to the sitters face. We also explored what led to fixations being made to the context around the sitters. Participants scoring highly on the attentional orienting subtask of the Attentional Network Test (ANT; Posner and Rothbart, 2007) were more likely to make fixations to the context. We discuss whether these increased fixations to the context in those high in attentional orienting result from the theatrical or absorptive address of the sitter (Fried, 1980; Donnelly, et al., in press) or salient features in the context that surrounds sitters (Itti and Koch, 2000).

*Contact author: tt1u14@soton.ac.uk

Do the perceived balance, harmony, and liking of original Mondrian paintings differ from Mondrian-like variants?

Sandra Utz* and Claus-Christian Carbon

University of Bamberg, Germany

Abstract

Mondrian claimed that real harmony and balance could only be expressed through art (Mondrian, 1942). Studies varying his original paintings through rotation, minimal shift or exchange of colours showed a consistent preference for originals (e.g., Latto et al., 2000; McManus et al., 1993; Locher et al., 2005). Participants’ determination of the paintings’ centre of balance and their eye movements also differed between originals and their variations (Locher et al., 2005; unpublished study by Locher). Major aim of our two present experiments was to replicate the unpublished study by Locher. Nine original paintings – each along with five variants resulting from exchanging the colours – were used and participants’ task was to determine either the centre of balance or the location where all colours were in balance, harmony and liking. In both experiments, variants were not different from originals in terms of all key variables but harmony. For harmony, we even obtained an opposite pattern as expected, with variants being assessed as more harmonic than the respective originals. Eye movements did not differ between originals and their variants, but were in general more widespread when participants had to judge where the colours were in balance. Our findings indicate that Mondrian’s paintings might have been quite harmonic but still not perfectly harmonic artworks – as previously and still often claimed.

*Contact author: sandra.utz@uni-bamberg.de

Both stimulus and person contribute to preferences for neatly organized compositions

Eline Van Geert* and Johan Wagemans

University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium

Abstract

Why do many people like images of neatly organized compositions, collected on blogs like Things Organized Neatly© (http://thingsorganizedneatly.tumblr.com/)? We explored which factors contribute to aesthetic preferences for these images, focusing on both stimulus and person properties related to order, complexity, and the balance between order and complexity.

In a large-scale online study, 415 participants chose for each of 100 image pairs which one of two simultaneously presented images they preferred and completed some personality questionnaires (e.g., Personal Need for Structure). In a second (optional) part of the study, 84 participants also rated how ordered, complex, soothing, and fascinating they perceived each of 184 individual images to be.

Concerning stimulus properties, the proportion of participants that preferred a certain image in a pair related to differences in average fascination and soothingness ratings between the images. The bigger the difference in average fascination (soothingness) scores was between the images in a pair, the larger the proportion of participants that preferred the most fascinating (soothing) image in the pair. Interestingly, average fascination ratings for the images could be predicted by the average ratings for order and complexity (Adj–R ² = 0.599) and average soothing ratings by average ratings for order (Adj–R ² = 0.362). Concerning person properties, individual tendencies for symmetry, ordering, and arranging and Personal Need for Structure were associated with the individual’s strength of preference for the more ordered image in the pairs.

Confirmatory follow-up studies will be needed to test the hypotheses generated from this exploratory investigation.

*Contact author: eline.vangeert@kuleuven.be

The role of curvature in the appreciation of visual artworks

Javier Vañó ^1,* , Robert Pepperell ² , Enric Munar ¹ , Jaume Rosselló ¹ and Marcos Nadal ¹

¹ University of The Balearic Islands, Spain; ² Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom

Abstract

Several studies have shown that humans tend to prefer objects (Bar and Neta, 2006; Munar et al., 2015), geometric figures (Silvia and Barona, 2009), rooms (Vartanian et al., 2013) and meaningless shapes (Palumbo and Bertamini, 2016) with curved contours over similar sharp-angled ones. The present study explores the possibility that the preference for curvature could also be playing a role on the appreciation of Art paintings. To this end, participants were presented with colour artworks painted by artist and researcher Robert Pepperell. Paintings were divided into triplets, each of them featuring the same, or similar, object with three versions. The differences between the three versions were its contours and lines: curved, mixed and sharp-angled contours and lines. Paintings were individually shown during 500 ms in a computer screen. Participants were asked to give a like/dislike rating. Results are consistent with previous studies, suggesting a relevant role of curved and sharp contours in the appreciation of Art paintings and expanding the growing literature in Art and Perception.

*Contact author: javi_vavi@hotmail.com

Disambiguation of ambiguous figures in peripheral vision by prior knowledge

Tilde Van Uytven ^1,* , Erik Myin ² and Bilge Sayim ³

¹ Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp, Belgium; ² University of Antwerp, Belgium; ³ University of Bern, Switzerland

Abstract

Ambiguous figures can be seen in multiple ways, e.g., the famous rabbit-duck figure can be seen as a rabbit or a duck. Prior knowledge may bias observers to see one of the possible interpretations of ambiguous figures. Here, we used ambiguous figures to probe the suggestibility of peripheral vision by investigating to what extent the vague percept of a peripheral stimulus can be modulated by prior knowledge. Art students were presented with ambiguous figures in the right visual field. Eye tracking ensured that the stimuli were only presented when observers kept fixation. Participants were asked to draw as accurately as possible how a stimulus looked like. Half of the participants were told that the figure was one interpretation, the other half was told that it was the other interpretation. The majority of the resulting drawings did not exhibit the ambiguity of the presented images. Instead, many of the drawings strongly resembled (idealized versions of) the interpretation given in the instruction, and not the alternative. However, this was the case only if observers could perceive the given interpretation of a figure -- defining features of the alternative interpretation were lost in the absence of conscious recognition. Our results reveal the malleability of peripheral vision by prior knowledge, and provide pictorial representations of a range of interpretations of peripherally presented ambiguous figures. We propose that the peripheral ambiguous drawing task can be used to estimate the extent to which artists are able “to draw what they see” compared to “what they know”.

*Contact author: tilde@tildevanuytven.com

Empirical methods in performance art

Nicole Vennemann*

University of Cologne, Germany

Abstract

Under the title “The experiment in contemporary art. The initiation of incidents as artistic research practice” I research art performances in context of my dissertation, which are anchored as performance in art due to their hybridity, but reveal analogies to scientific practise within their approach.

What I call Research-analogue pragmatics is associated closely to the experiment in science because of their internal progression. They take over subcomponents from science in the form of systematic procedures for implementing them into the artistic field which then leads to a development of context-specific methods. The main focus of my present research is therefore the performance art and their specifics as an explorative equivalent, which orientates itself at procedural practices of scientific experiments.

The interactive installation Timescape (51° 13.66 north, 6° 46.523 east) of Ursula Damm is exemplary for a method within the performance arts, which resides between control and contingency due the fact that the artist includes the recipient in the incident. In this testing facility, which equals an interactive installation in arts, the passersby become receiving test persons, who firstly are embedded within the installation and secondly valuate the carried-out action as recipients.

In this way a room of contingency, conceptualized by Ursula Damm, emerges, which formulates no result and which can be explored and interpreted differently as well from herself as from the recipients under review of the particular interests of research.

*Contact author: nic.vennemann@googlemail.com

Illusory planes in Fred Sandback’s sculpture

Ian Verstegen*

University of Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract

A remarkable feature of artist Fred Sandback’s (1943–2003) string constructions has often been noted: that the geometrical forms created with string have a strong planar feel. Although passed over by some art historians, this remarkable illusion deserves closer psychological study. Phenomenologically, the spaces between the strings are perceived as planes with some substance. People avoid walking through them. The illusion seems to be induced, as in the famous Kanizsa triangle, by minimal prompts, but in three dimensions. The illusion, however, seems to be subject to bottom-up foveal sampling, because where string lines do not close, the illusion disappears. In this sense, many of the works are like “impossible” figures such as the impossible Necker cube. Some suggestions about possible reifying mechanisms, capable of constructing 3-D models of space, are given.

*Contact author: verstege@sas.upenn.edu

Equivalent preferences for fractal scaling characteristics in vision and touch

Catherine Viengkham* , Zoey Isherwood and Branka Spehar

University of New South Wales, Australia

Abstract

The field of empirical aesthetics has often been predominantly focused on vision and has neglected senses outside of visual modality. Furthermore, it has been argued that creating a comparable aesthetic experience from vision to other senses is unachievable, simply because our sensory modalities are so overtly different. To address and possibly overcome these limitations, our study focused on fractal scaling as a way to parametrically manipulate the complexity of abstract images and the roughness of physical surfaces. In the first experiment we compared “visual only”, “tactile only” and “combined visuotactile” preferences for surface textures varying in fractal scaling properties. In the second experiment we investigated the stability and consistency of individual preference patterns for varying fractal scaling characteristics across the both visual and tactile stimuli. In both instances, Q-mode factor analysis and k-means clustering allowed us to identify consistent and dimensionally similar clusters of individual differences towards fractal dimensions in both tactile and visual preferences. Overall, fractal dimension provided an effective means of quantifying both visual complexity and tactile roughness despite superficial differences between sensory domains, and offered a measure sensitive to both population and individual preferences. We showed that both average preference and dimensional structure of interindividual variations were remarkably similar across different presentation modalities and quite stable within individuals.

*Contact author: thursday@live.com.au

Contemporary dance choreographies: Relationship between observers’ empathy and aesthetic experience

Maja S. Vukadinović ^1,* and Slobodan Marković ²

¹ Novi Sad Business School, Serbia; ² University of Belgrade, Serbia

Abstract

The present study investigated the relationship between the observers’ empathy and the aesthetic experience of contemporary dance choreographies. 38 students from the University of Novi Sad participated in the research. The stimuli consisted of eight video recordings of choreographies that were performed as part of the American televised dance competition show ‘So You Think You Can Dance’. After filling out a Questionnaire for measuring empathy (EMI), the participants judged their aesthetic experience on the three dimensions of aesthetic experience of dance: Dynamism (7-step scales: expressive, powerful, strong, exciting), Exceptionality (scales: eternal, unspeakable, unique, exceptional) and Affective Evaluation (scales: delicate, elegant, seductive, emotional). Empathy was measured by the four EMI dimensions: ‘Empathy with positive emotions’ (5-step Likert-type scales: 13 items), ‘Empathy with negative emotions’ (14 items), ‘Empathy as a social role’ (8 items) and ‘Emotional reactions provoked by empathy’ (7 items). The multiple regression analyses have shown that the EMI dimensions significantly predict the Dynamism (R ² = 0.287) and the Exceptionality (R ² = 0.249). Analyses indicated that the dimension of ‘Emotional reaction provoked by empathy’ is a significantly better predictor of both Dynamism (β = 0.510) and Exceptionality (β = 0.427): the higher the ‘Emotional reaction provoked by empathy’ the higher the Dynamism and the Exceptionality. These results are in line with previous findings related to ‘the concept of kinesthetic empathy’. According to this concept, kinesthetic and empathetic responses to watching dance are associated with the observers’ aesthetic experience, admiration of virtuosity and motivation for dance spectating.

*Contact author: vukadinovicmaja.vps@gmail.com

On the edge of attractive chaos in a series of semi-abstract paintings by Lou Bielen

Johan Wagemans ^1,* , Sarah Delcourt ¹ , Lou Bielen ² and Pieter Moors ¹

¹ University of Leuven (KU Leuven) Belgium; ²SLAC, Belgium

Abstract

Everyone knows that paintings should not be regarded as depictions of reality but many art viewers still struggle with abstract paintings being too simple and ordered (e.g., monochrome squares in avant-garde) or too complex and chaotic (e.g., drip paintings in abstract expressionism) to be considered pleasant or beautiful. While visual artists generally strive for an optimal level of stimulation in their work, semi-abstract painters particularly seek the edge of attractive chaos, trying to strike a balance between covering and uncovering organization and meaning. In a cross-over collaboration between artists and scientists, we wanted to better understand the role of indeterminacy and the balance between order and complexity in a series of twelve semi-abstract paintings, inspired by a rather dull, randomly chosen holiday photograph, with intentional variation of order and complexity, as well as recognisability. They were exhibited as a single row at eye-height on a white wall, in two presentation modes, with all twelve visible simultaneously or each one being revealed sequentially. Fifty participants, who varied greatly in art background and experience, were asked to rate all paintings on six bipolar 7-point scales (simple-complex, boring-interesting, unpleasant-pleasant, chaotic-structured, ugly-beautiful, abstract-figurative). The edge of attractive chaos differed between paintings and individuals. In general, the subjective ratings of figurativeness, structure and complexity determined appreciation more strongly than the quantitative indices computed on the images (self-similarity, PHOG complexity, anisotropy, and Fourier slope). The simultaneous presentation mode and the art background and experience of participants did not have strong effects on appreciation.

*Contact author: johan.wagemans@kuleuven.be

Flower preference: Visual attributes governing the appeal of gerberas

Tamara Watson*

Western Sydney University, Australia

Abstract

Flowers developed for the cut flower industry may provide an excellent natural stimulus to investigate the visual attributes of stimuli that govern aesthetic preference. In this study 515 people from Europe, the USA and Australia participated in an online study. They rated 76 different gerbera varieties on their visual appeal. These gerbera flowers were examples of flowers developed for the cut flower industry and were photographed such that only the face of the flower was visible. Gerberas have a prototypical daisy shape but otherwise show significant variation in appearance between varieties. While no single flower achieved a significantly higher overall preference rating compared to the rest, cluster analysis of the factors that govern the preferences of participants revealed that overall colour was very important, dividing flowers into reds and pinks versus oranges and yellows. In addition, overall lightness, uniformity of colour, and the number of rows and length of petals was also found to contribute to participants preference ratings. This suggests that preferences for complex natural visual stimuli are not completely idiosyncratic and cut flowers can be used to uncover the visual elements governing visual appeal.

*Contact author: t.watson@westernsydney.edu.au

Consumer expectations for vegetables with atypical colours: The case of carrots

Theresa Wehrle ^1,* , Hendrik N. J. Schifferstein ² and Claus-Christian Carbon ¹

¹ University of Bamberg, Germany; ² Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Abstract

The variety and diversity of fruits and vegetables on display in today’s supermarkets is enormous. Products come with differences in size, shape, colour, flavour, production and trading method. In this study (N = 40) we investigated how variation in colour may lead consumers to anticipate differences in product properties. We studied a common vegetable – carrots – generally available mainly in orange, but actually supposed to appear in many different shades. Pictures of carrots (k = 9) with approximately the same shape were presented on a colour calibrated computer screen. On 7-point scales 14 expected properties, familiarity, purchase intention, and intended preparation method were rated for these carrots. In addition, they reported spontaneous associations for each variety. The outcomes indicate that colours have substantial impact on consumers’ expectations about sensory and functional properties, including freshness and nutritional value. We found most positive evaluations for orange carrots, which are most familiar, attractive, nutritious, healthy, fresh and sweet, and low in sourness, bitterness and spiciness. Carrots in atypical colours were rated unfamiliar and artificial. For instance red carrots (unfamiliar) were rated high on spiciness and taste intensity, yellow carrots (artificial/unfamiliar) were low on taste intensity. Some expectations may be derived from associations to other vegetables with similar shapes or colours. However, low attractiveness ratings suggest that consumers may be reluctant to try unfamiliar variants. Although atypical colours produce opportunities for culinary applications, commercial success in mainstream supermarkets may be currently limited, until consumers have integrated them into their habits.

*Contact author: theresa.wehrle@stud.uni-bamberg.de

Implicit and explicit visual symmetry preference in art experts compared to laypeople

Hanna Weichselbaum* , Helmut Leder and Ulrich Ansorge

University of Vienna, Austria

Abstract

Typically, humans prefer symmetrical over asymmetrical visual patterns. We tested the generality of symmetry preference for different levels of art expertise. Preference for symmetry was measured implicitly by an Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz, 1998) and explicitly by a rating scale asking participants to evaluate each pattern’s beauty. Participants, comprising art history students and art laypeople, were assigned to four different groups according to their art expertise measured by questionnaire. The IAT showed a symmetry preference for all groups. However, participants of highest art expertise showed a significant smaller explicit symmetry preference only. These results are in line with an interactionist perspective stating that preferences have evolved, on the one hand, by evolutionary adaptation but, on the other hand, are additionally formed by personal history.

*Contact author: hanna.weichselbaum@univie.ac.at

It’s all about colour. Rendering reality in Dutch oil painting about 1700

Lisa Wiersma*

Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Abstract

Various kinds of realism were developed throughout the history of oil painting, such as the impressionist and the photorealistic, and still life painting in which objects seem tangible. It is the latter that is researched here. In many 17th- and early 18th-century paintings, the objects look as if the beholder can walk around them and easily grab a piece. How come a painting can be experienced as such? The answers lie on the crossroads of art history, art technology, visual analysis and visual perception research.

Characteristics of materials were attained by a precise and systemic colour arrangement, which is described by Willem Beurs in 1692 (Dutch) and 1693 (German). The book gives a deeper understanding of pictorial abbreviations. Other factors that could add up to tangibility are ‘houding’, the contemporary Dutch jargon word for depth by colouring in the scene as a whole; purposeful, slightly incorrect or multiple perspective, and similarly inconsistent lighting in a painting; limited overlap; depth of field in several areas of the painting; chiaroscuro with diffuse transitions; and, last but not least, the oil medium that causes reflection within the paint layers and saturation of colours.

*Contact author: a.l.wiersma@uu.nl

Visual art preferences are predicted by preferences for the depicted objects

Emily Winfield* , Carmel Levitan and Aleksandra Sherman

Occidental College, USA

Abstract

How influential is subject matter in guiding visual art preference? Relevant to this question is Palmer and Schloss’ (2010) ecological valence theory of aesthetic preference, demonstrating that colour preferences are predicted by individual’s preferences for the objects associated with the colours. Here, we tested the extent to which preferences for visual artworks are shaped by preferences for the objects depicted in the art. Our study consisted of three phases: in the first phase, 20 Occidental College students viewed 68 representational artworks spanning styles and periods, and tagged the artworks with salient features and associations. In the second phase, 50 new participants rated their preferences for the same set of paintings, and in another block rated their preferences for the object tags generated the first phase. A final set of participants rated how well the tags represented each image, allowing us to compute weights for each object tag. Supporting our prediction, we found that average preference ratings for each painting were strongly correlated to average preference ratings for the depicted objects (r[66] = 0.56, p < 0.0001). Moreover, the correlation improved when weights were assigned to each tag (r[66] = 0.61, p < 0.0001). This work adds to the body of research concerned with the processing of visual art and supports the idea that, although art preference is subjective, subject matter is a significant influence in the formation of preferences.

*Contact author: emwinfield4@gmail.com

Illusory colour depth based on the interaction between fluorescent and conventional colours

Stefanie De Winter* , Pieter Moors, Hilde Van Gelder and Johan Wagemans

University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium

Abstract

When observing Frank Stella’s (1936) Irregular Polygons paintings (1965–1966), which consist of both fluorescent and conventional colours, it is common to experience the illusion of colour depth based on their interaction. In conducting an experiment, we wanted to determine whether artists, art historians and laymen, experience fluorescent colours as protruding, receding or flat when viewed in combination with conventional colours. We also wanted to find out if colour depth is still experienced when all fluorescent colours are replaced with their conventional variants.

For the experiment, we isolated the colour combinations of four Irregular Polygons paintings and placed them next to each other, avoiding influences from shape and texture. The relative sizes of each of the coloured areas were taken into account when designing the stimuli. Because fluorescent colours cannot be shown on computer screens, all stimuli were screen printed manually on large scaled paper. Participants had to observe fifteen prints shown one by one and they had to rate the depth experience of each coloured region with a number between −3 (strongly receding) and +3 (strongly protruding).

The results reveal that most participants experience fluorescent coloured regions as strongly protruding, especially the colours which are visible in the longer wavelengths (fluorescent pink and red). All conventional colours were rated as much less protruding. In addition to discussing the perceptual results, we will illustrate the relevance of this experiment for a correct reading of fluorescent artworks and for the (re-)assessment of the historical critique that pertains to them.

*Contact author: stefanie.dewinter@kuleuven.be

Cultural identity matters: Aesthetic appraisals of Eastern and Western landscapes as observed with neural responses and behavioural measures

Taoxi Yang ¹ , Sarita Silveira ¹ , Marco Paolini ¹ , Ernst Pöppel ^1,2 , Tilmann Sander ³ and Yan Bao ^1,2,*

¹ Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Germany; ² Peking University, PR China; ³ Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany

Abstract

How do we know about our personal identity, and how about our cultural identity? We want to submit that individual and socially embedded identity follow the principle of complementarity as generative principle (Bao et al., 2017). Using visual stimuli from the arts this hypothesis can be tested experimentally (Bao et al., 2016). In a task of viewing Western and Chinese landscape paintings by Western participants in an fMRI scanner, regions in the posterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus that are known to play a role in self-relevant processing and memory retrieval were activated when comparing Western paintings to Eastern paintings. The behavioural test demonstrated that Western paintings were rated higher on levels of valence, preference, beauty, relaxation, empathy, object-related absorption and lower levels of arousal, compared to Eastern landscape paintings. Artworks from the participants’ own culture may, thus, match the individual imprinting that they have received in early phases of life; this imprinting modulates selectively neural mechanisms reflecting the cultural environment. Aesthetic preferences being based on unique neural constellations indicate the embedding of a person in a cultural environment and confirm personal identity.

*Contact author: baoyan@pku.edu.cn

Painters’ quest in vision scientists’ tongue

Jihyun Yeonan-Kim*

San Jose State University Foundation, USA

Abstract

Visual art, as much as vision science, requires understanding on the entire process of perceiving and interpreting a scene. Artists take empirical, often sub-verbal, approaches and vision scientists adopt analytic and descriptive ways to strive for this grand query. As a vision scientist and an amateur artist, I explore computational, experimental, and empirical ways to understand what and how we see the world. On the course, I have asked other artists of their opinions on visual elements such as light and dark, illumination, colour contrast, 2D and 3D shapes, visual semantics and so on. The answers differed from those of scientists (in fact, had I not had an art education before, I would not have understood the artists’ answers), which led me to realize one fundamental difference: vision science inquires how someone perceives something while art creates something to be perceived by someone. In fact, an artist needs to understand how someone sees something such that s/he can create an object to be seen as intended, which is a step further. Visual artists’ empirical practices form valuable knowledge that vision scientists need to ponder. Here I attempt to share some lessons from my art teachers in comprehensive vision science terms, with the ambition to convince all vision scientists (not just those who are into art) with the value of the artists sometimes-vaguely-described empirical knowledge. The examples include visual elements as fundamental as spatial induction and checker shadow illusion to 2D - 3D conversion.

*Contact author: yeonankim@phototrophique.com

Pieter Paul Rubens and the Poggendorff illusion

Daniele Zavagno ^1,* , Natale Stucchi ¹ and Olga Daneyko ²

¹ University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; ² Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom

Abstract

A perceptual distortion most easily encounterable in pictorial artworks is the “Poggendorff”, an illusion of misalignment due to occlusion. Its diffuseness in artworks clashes with the extremely rare cases in which it is not seen because of a geometrical misalignment perpetrated by the artist, supposedly to correct for the distortion. Rubens’ “Descent from the cross” (1612–13) in Antwerp is one of those cases. We conducted an experiment to test the claim that Rubens actually observed the illusion and thus corrected for it (Topper, 1984, Perception). Participants’ task was to align a thick line replacing the upper portion of the right rail of the ladder (digitally removed from the image) to a thick line superimposed on the lower portion of the same right rail, in actual size projections of the Antwerp panel. Results were indeed affected by the Poggendorff illusion, however mean displacement to the right was significantly less (over 50%) than the actual displacement. In a second experiment participants performed a similar task with actual size projections of Rubens’ “Descent from the cross” (1616–17) conserved in Lille. Again participants’ alignments were affected by the illusion, but the actual painting shows no trace of the Poggendorff illusion, as no there is no misalignment. Results from both experiments do not support Rubens’ awareness of the Poggendorff illusion, nor that he was affected by it when depicting the two paintings. We hypothesize that the misalignment in the Antwerp panel was purposely created by Rubens to fix a more relevant visual issue that may have affected the dynamic structure of the entire composition.

*Contact author: daniele.zavagno@unimib.it

Depicted material categories in online museum collections

Mitchell van Zuijlen* , Sylvia Pont and Maarten Wijntjes

Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Abstract

With the increase of online, open-access museum collections, new opportunities arise for the fields of digital art history and visual perception. High resolution images of artworks are available, together with metadata about the artist, medium, dimensions, provenance, etc. In our project, we use these collections to investigate how painters depict material properties. The currently available metadata in these collections does not contain information about which objects or materials are depicted: we have to use human annotations to gain this information.

Here, we present the results of an exploratory study on annotation of depicted materials in paintings. We investigated what kind of class labels humans use to describe the depicted materials, and whether a free naming task or a forced choice strategy works best. Using these novel metadata, we can analyse art historical questions such as differences between time periods, artists or genres. Furthermore, the data may reveal insights into the quality of depiction: low agreement in annotations could indicate ambiguity in material depictions. Additionally, segmented material data can be used for a variety of vision science experiments.

Preliminary results indicate that observers are capable of performing annotation tasks, but also show that this task is non-trivial. Observers occasionally confuse objects with materials and show a large variability in their attention to detail.

*Contact author: m.j.p.vanzuijlen@tudelft.nl