The vocal repertoire of an African colobine, Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii: a multi-level society compared to congeners in stable groups
In: BehaviourSearch for other papers by Samuel Poirier-Poulin in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by Julie A. Teichroeb in
Current site
Google Scholar
Abstract
Vocal behaviour offers a window into understanding the social life and evolution of animals. Colobine monkeys show great interspecific and interpopulation variation in their social organization and behaviour. Recent research has shown that Rwenzori Angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) differ substantially from other black-and-white colobus in forming a multi-level society. No previous research has been conducted on the communication of C. a. ruwenzorii, but the social complexity hypothesis for communication suggests that more complex societies should evolve more complex communication repertoires. Our objective was to catalogue the vocal repertoire of C. a. ruwenzorii at Nabugabo, Uganda, and to compare it with the data available on congeners regarding intergroup tolerance, vocal repertoire size, and acoustic and behavioural features of vocal communication. Vocalizations were subject to spectrographic and behavioural analysis, and a descriptive analysis of each vocalization type was made. The influence of a few environmental and social factors on calling rates was also examined. We describe five vocalizations (i.e., the snort, roar, squeak, scream and pok) and one non-vocal signal (i.e., the tongue click) in this subspecies and their contexts. Distinct alarm calls are made for dogs, and these are given more often near the edge of the forest where humans frequent. We did not find that C. a. ruwenzorii showed a greater vocal repertoire than C. guereza or C. polykomos, which do not live in multi-level societies. Further, preliminary data do not indicate greater calling rates in larger core units of C. a. ruwenzorii compared to smaller units. These findings support the view that these primates’ vocalizations tend to be relatively conserved despite large differences in social organization.
Résumé
L’étude de la communication vocale permet de mieux comprendre la vie sociale et l’évolution des animaux. Les singes colobes présentent une grande variation interespèce et interpopulationelle en ce qui a trait à leur organisation sociale et à leur comportement. Des recherches récentes ont démontré que le colobe angolais de Rwenzori (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) diffère considérablement des autres colobes noirs et blancs, puisqu’il forme une société multi-niveaux. Jusqu’à présent, aucune étude sur la communication de C. a. ruwenzorii n’a été conduite, mais l’hypothèse de la complexité sociale en communication animale prédit que les sociétés plus complexes devraient développer des répertoires vocaux plus complexes. L’objectif de cette étude était de cataloguer le répertoire vocal de C. a. ruwenzorii à Nabugabo, en Ouganda, et de le comparer aux données disponibles sur ses congénères en ce qui a trait au niveau de tolérance intergroupe, à la taille du répertoire vocal et aux caractéristiques acoustiques du répertoire vocal. Cinq vocalisations (le grognement, le rugissement, le piaulement, le cri et le pok) et un signal non vocal (le cliquètement) ont été entendus lors de cette étude ; chaque signal est décrit dans cet article. C. a. ruwenzorii utilise aussi des cris d’alarme distincts en présence de chiens, et ces cris sont donnés plus fréquemment à l’orée de la forêt, un lieu fréquenté par les humains. La présente étude indique que C. a. ruwenzorii n’a pas un plus grand répertoire vocal que C. guereza ou C. polykomos, qui tous deux ne forment pas de sociétés multi-niveaux. De plus, des données préliminaires indiquent que la fréquence de vocalisation n’est pas plus élevée dans les unités centrales qui contiennent un plus grand nombre d’individus. Ces résultats appuient l’idée selon laquelle les vocalisations de ces primates sont relativement similaires (conservées) malgré d’importantes différences au niveau de l’organisation sociale.
Resumen
El estudio de la comunicación vocal permite mejor comprensión de la vida social y la evolución de los animales. El mono colobo demuestra una gran cantidad de variación interespecífica y inter poblacional en lo que se refiere a su organización social y su comportamiento. Investigaciones recientes han demostrado que el mono colobo angoleño de Rwenzori (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) difiere considerablemente de los otros colobos negros y blancos porque él forma une sociedad de múltiplos niveles. Hasta ahora, ningún estudio se ha concentrado en la comunicación de C. a. ruwenzorii, pero la hipótesis del efecto de la complexidad social en la comunicación de animales predice que las sociedades más complejas deberían desarrollar repertorios vocales más complejos. El objetivo de esta investigación era de catalogar el repertorio vocal de C. a. ruwenzorii en Nabugabo, en Uganda, para compararlo a los datos disponibles sobre sus congéneres en lo que se refiere al nivel de tolerancia entre grupos diferentes, al tamaño del repertorio vocal, y a las características acústicas del repertorio vocal. Se oyeron cinco tipos diferentes de vocalizaciones (la queja, el rugido, el chillido, el grito y el pok) y una señal sin característica vocal (el tintineo) durante este estudio; y cada señal está descrita en este artículo. C. a. ruwenzorii utiliza gritos de alarma distintos en la presencia de perros y estos gritos están utilizados más frecuentemente en el borde del bosque, donde la presencia de humanos es más común. Demostramos que C. a. ruwenzorii no tiene un repertorio vocal más largo que C. guereza o C. polykomos, los cuales no forman sociedades de múltiplos niveles. Además, datos preliminares indican que la intensidad de la vocalización no está más elevada en las unidades centrales que contienen una cantidad mayor de individuos. Estos resultados apoyan la conclusión que las vocalizaciones de estos primates son relativamente similares (conservadas) a pesar de deferencias importantes al nivel de la organización social.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Adams, F.V. & Teichroeb, J.A. (2020). Microhabitat use in Rwenzori Angolan colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda demonstrates intraspecific variability. — Int. J. Primatol. 41: 24-44.
-
Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods. — Behaviour 49: 227-265.
-
Arseneau-Robar, T.J.M., Joyce, M.M., Stead, S.M. & Teichroeb, J.A. (2018). Proximity and grooming patterns reveal opposite-sex bonding in Rwenzori Angolan colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii). — Primates 59: 267-279.
-
Bocian, C.M. (1997). Niche separation of black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis and C. guereza) in the Ituri Forest. — PhD dissertation, The City University of New York, New York, NY.
-
Boinski, S. (2000). Social manipulation within and between troops mediates primate group movement. — In: On the move: how and why animals travel in groups (Boinski, S. & Garber, P.A., eds). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, p. 421-469.
-
Bouchet, H., Blois-Heulin, C. & Lemasson, A. (2013). Social complexity parallels vocal complexity: a comparison of three non-human primate specties. — Front. Psychol. 4: 390.
-
Bousquet, C.A., Sumpter, D.J. & Manser, M.B. (2011). Moving calls: a vocal mechanism underlying quorum decisions in cohesive groups. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 278: 1482-1488.
-
Brumm, H., Voss, K., Köllmer, I. & Todt, D. (2004). Acoustic communication in noise: regulation of call characteristics in a New World monkey. — J. Exp. Biol. 207: 443-448.
-
Catchpole, C.K. & Slater, P.J.B. (2008). Bird songs: biological themes and variation, 2nd edn. — Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
-
Chapman, C.A., Twinomugisha, D., Teichroeb, J.A., Valenta, K., Sengupta, R., Sarkar, D. & Rothman, J.M. (2016). How do primates survive among humans? Mechanisms employed by vervet monkeys at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. — In: Ethnoprimatology: primate conservation in the 21st century (Waller, M.T., ed.). Springer, New York, NY, p. 77-94.
-
Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M. & Silk, J.B. (1995). The role of grunts in reconciling opponents and facilitating interactions among adult female baboons. — Anim. Behav. 50: 249-257.
-
Conradt, L. & Roper, T.J. (2005). Consensus decision-making in animals. — Trends Ecol. Evol. 20: 449-456.
-
Couzin, I.D., Krause, J., Franks, N.R. & Levin, S.A. (2005). Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move. — Nature 433: 513-516.
-
Di Bitetti, M.S. & Wheeler, B.C. (2017). The vocal repertoire of the black-horned capuchin (Cebus [Sapajus] nigritus): an acoustic and contextual analysis. — In: Primatology in Argentina (Kowaleski, M.M. & Oklander, L.I., eds). SAREM, Buenos Aires, p. 171-199.
-
Dunbar, R.I.M. (1998). Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. — Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
-
Fashing, P.J. (2001). Male and female strategies during intergroup encounters in guerezas (Colobus guereza): evidence for resource defence mediated through males and a comparison with other primates. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 50: 219-230.
-
Fashing, P.J. (2011). African colobine monkeys: their behavior, ecology, and conservation. — In: Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. (Campbell, C.J., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K.C., Bearder, S.K. & Stumpf, R.M., eds). Oxford University Press, New York, NY, p. 203-229.
-
Fedurek, P., Slocombe, K.E., Hartel, J.A. & Zuberbühler, K. (2015). Chimpanzee lip-smacking facilitates cooperative behaviour. — Sci. Rep. 5: 13460.
-
Fimbel, C., Vedder, A., Dierenfeld, E. & Mulindahabi, F. (2001). An ecological basis for large group size in Colobus angolensis in the Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda. — Afr. J. Ecol. 39: 83-92.
-
Fischer, J., Kitchen, D.M., Seyfarth, R.M. & Cheney, D.L. (2004). Baboon loud calls advertise male quality: acoustic features and their relation to rank, age, and exhaustion. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 56: 140-148.
-
Fischer, J., Noser, R. & Hammerschmidt, K. (2013). Bioacoustic field research: a primer to acoustic analyses and playback experiments with primates. — Am. J. Primatol. 75: 643-663.
-
Freeberg, T.M. (2006). Social complexity can drive vocal complexity. Group size influences vocal information in Caroline chickadees. — Psychol. Sci. 17: 557-561.
-
Greene, E. & Meagher, T. (1998). Red squirrels, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, produce predator-class specific alarm calls. — Anim. Behav. 55: 511-518.
-
Gros-Louis, J.J., Perry, S.E., Fichtel, C., Wikberg, E., Gilkenson, H., Wofsy, S. & Fuentes, A. (2008). Vocal repertoire of Cebus capucinus: acoustic structure, context, and usage. — Int. J. Primatol. 29: 641-670.
-
Groves, C.P. (1973). Notes on the ecology and behaviour of the Angola colobus (Colobus angolensis P. L. Sclater 1860) in N. E. Tanzania. — Folia Primatol. 20: 12-26.
-
Grueter, C.C. & Zinner, D. (2004). Nested societies: convergent adaptations in snub-nosed monkeys and baboons? — Prim. Rep. 70: 1-98.
-
Hammerschmidt, K. & Fischer, J. (2019). Baboon vocal repertoires and the evolution of primate vocal diversity. — J. Hum. Evol. 126: 1-13.
-
Harris, T.R., Fitch, W.T., Goldstein, L.M. & Fashing, P.J. (2006). Black and white colobus monkey (Colobus guereza) roars as a source of both honest and exaggerated information about body mass. — Ethology 112: 911-920.
-
Kirkpatrick, R.C. (2011). The Asian colobine: diversity among leaf-eating monkeys. — In: Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. (Campbell, C.J., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K.C., Bearder, S.K. & Stumpf, R.M., eds). Oxford University Press, New York, NY, p. 189-202.
-
Klump, G.M. & Maier, E.H. (1990). Temporal summation in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). — J. Comp. Psychol. 104: 94-100.
-
Korstjens, A.H. (2001). The mob, the secret sorority and the phantoms: an analysis of the socio-ecological strategies of the three colobines of Taï. — PhD dissertation, Utrecht University, Utrecht.
-
Krüger, O., Affeldt, E., Brackmann, M. & Milhahn, K. (1998). Group size and composition of Colobus guereza in Kyambura Gorge, southwest Uganda, in relation to chimpanzee activity. — Int. J. Primatol. 19: 287-297.
-
Lewis, J.S., Wartzok, D. & Heithaus, M.R. (2011). Highly dynamic fission–fusion species can exhibit leadership when travelling. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 65: 1061-1069.
-
Marler, P. (1972). Vocalizations of east African monkeys II: black and white colobus. — Behaviour 42: 175-197.
-
McComb, K. & Semple, S. (2005). Coevolution of vocal communication and sociality in primates. — Biol. Lett. 1: 381-385.
-
Miller, A., Uwingeneye, G., Kaplin, B., Judge, D. & Grueter, C.C. (2018). The anatomy of a supergroup of Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii supergroups in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. — In: 27th meeting of the International Primatological Society congress.
-
Miller, A. Uddin, S. Judge, D.S. Kaplin, B.A. Ndayishimiye, D. Uwingeneye, G. Grueter, G.C. 2020 Spatiotemporal association patterns in a supergroup of Rwenzori black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) are consistent with a multilevel society Am. J. Primatol. 82 e23127
-
Mitani, J.C. (1987). Territoriality and monogamy among agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis). — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 20: 265-269.
-
Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B. & Wilson, D.E. (2013). Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 3: primates. — Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
-
Neumann, C., Assahad, G., Hammerschmidt, K., Perwitasari-Farajallah, D. & Engelhardt, A. (2010). Loud calls in male crested macaques, Macaca nigra: a signal of dominance in a tolerant species. — Anim. Behav. 79: 187-193.
-
Oates, J.F. (1977a). The guereza and its food. — In: Primate ecology: studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys and apes (Clutton-Brock, T.H., ed.). Academic Press, London, p. 276-321.
-
Oates, J.F. (1977b). The social life of a black-and-white colobus monkey, Colobus guereza. — Ethology 45: 1-60.
-
Oates, J.F. & Trocco, T.T. (1983). Taxonomy and phylogeny of black-and-white colobus monkeys. — Folia Primatol. 40: 83-113.
-
Onderdonk, D.A. & Chapman, C.A. (2000). Coping with forest fragmentation: the primates of Kibale National Park, Uganda. — Int. J. Primatol. 21: 587-611.
-
Payne, K.B., Thompson, M. & Kramer, L. (2003). Elephant calling patterns as indicators of group size and composition: the basis for an acoustic monitoring system. — Afr. J. Ecol. 41: 99-107.
-
Pinker, S. (2003). Language as an adaptation to the cognitive niche. — In: Language evolution (Christiansen, M.H. & Kirby, S., eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 16-37.
-
Platzen, D. & Magrath, R.D. (2005). Adaptive differences in response to two types of parental alarm call in altricial nestlings. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 272: 1101-1106.
-
Plumptre, A.J., Masozera, M., Fashing, P.J., McNeilage, A., Ewango, C., Kaplin, B.A. & Liengola, I. (2002). Biodiversity surveys of the Nyungwe Forest Reserve in S. W. Rwanda. — WCS Working Papers 18: 1-92.
-
Raemaekers, J.J., Raemaekers, P.M. & Haimoff, E.H. (1984). Loud calls of the gibbon (Hylobates lar): repertoire, organisation and context. — Behaviour 91: 146-189.
-
Schel, A.M., Tranquilli, S. & Zuberbühler, K. (2009). The alarm call system of two species of black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus polykomos and Colobus guereza). — J. Comp. Psychol. 123: 136-150.
-
Schel, A.M., Candiotti, A. & Zuberbühler, K. (2010). Predator-deterring alarm call sequences in guereza colobus monkeys are meaningful to conspecifics. — Anim. Behav. 80: 799-808.
-
Sicotte, P., Teichroeb, J.A. & Saj, T.L. (2007). Aspects of male competition in Colobus vellerosus: preliminary data on male and female loud calling, and infant deaths after a takeover. — Int. J. Primatol. 28: 627-636.
-
Sinnott, J.M., Stebbins, W.C. & Moody, D.B. (1975). Regulation of voice amplitude by the monkey. — J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 58: 412-414.
-
Stead, S.M. & Teichroeb, J.A. (2019). A multi-level society comprised of one-male and multi-male core units in an African colobine (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii). — PLoS ONE 14: e02117666.
-
Stewart, K.J. & Harcourt, A.H. (1994). Gorillas’ vocalizations during rest periods: signals of impending departure? — Behaviour 130: 29-40.
-
Struhsaker, T.T. (1975). The red colobus monkey. — University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
-
Sueur, C., King, A.J., Conradt, L., Kerth, G., Lusseau, D., Mettke-Hofmann, C., Schaffner, C.M., Williams, L., Zinner, D. & Aureli, F. (2011). Collective decision-making and fission–fusion dynamics: a conceptual framework. — Oikos 120: 1608-1617.
-
Teichroeb, J.A. & Sicotte, P. (2010). The function of male agonistic displays in ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus): male competition, female mate choice or sexual coercion? — Ethology 116: 366-380.
-
Teichroeb, J.A., Wikberg, E.C., Bădescu, I., Macdonald, L.J. & Sicotte, P. (2012). Infanticide risk and male quality influence optimal group composition for Colobus vellerosus. — Behav. Ecol. 23: 1348-1359.
-
Teichroeb, J.A., Bridgett, G.R., Corriveau, A. & Twinomugisha, D. (2019). The immediate impact of selective logging on Angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. — In: Primate research and conservation in the Anthropocene (Behie, A.M., Teichroeb, J.A. & Malone, N., eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 120-140.
-
Teichroeb, J.A., Stead, S.M., Edwards, P.D., Landry, F., Palme, R. & Boonstra, R. (2020). Anogential distance as an indicator of competitive ability in Rwenzori Angolan colobus. — Am. J. Primatol. 82: e23111.
-
von Hippel, F.A. (1996). Interactions between overlapping multimale groups of black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya. — Am. J. Primatol. 38: 193-209.
-
Walek, M.L. (1978). Vocalizations of the black and white colobus monkey (Colobus polykomos Zimmerman 1780). — Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 49: 227-239.
-
Walker, R.H., King, A.J., McNutt, J.W. & Jordan, N.R. (2017). Sneeze to leave: African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) use variable quorum thresholds facilitated by sneezes in collective decisions. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 284: 20170347.
-
Wich, S.A. & Nunn, C.L. (2002). Do male “long-distance calls” function in mate defense? A comparative study of long-distance calls in primates. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52: 474-484.
-
Wiley, R.H. & Richards, D.G. (1982). Adaptations for acoustic communication in birds: sound transmission and signal detection. — In: Acoustic communication in birds. Vol. 1: production, perception, and design features of sounds (Kroodsma, D.E. & Miller, E.H., eds). Academic Press, New York, NY, p. 131-181.
-
Wilkins, M.R., Seddon, N. & Safran, R.J. (2013). Evolutionary divergence in acoustic signals: causes and consequences. — Trends Ecol. Evol. 28: 156-166.
-
Zuberbühler, K. (2001). Predator-specific alarm calls in Campbell’s monkeys, Cercopithecus campbelli. — Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 50: 414-422.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1404 | 325 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 392 | 23 | 1 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 365 | 33 | 1 |
The vocal repertoire of an African colobine, Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii: a multi-level society compared to congeners in stable groups
In: BehaviourSearch for other papers by Samuel Poirier-Poulin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Julie A. Teichroeb in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
Vocal behaviour offers a window into understanding the social life and evolution of animals. Colobine monkeys show great interspecific and interpopulation variation in their social organization and behaviour. Recent research has shown that Rwenzori Angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) differ substantially from other black-and-white colobus in forming a multi-level society. No previous research has been conducted on the communication of C. a. ruwenzorii, but the social complexity hypothesis for communication suggests that more complex societies should evolve more complex communication repertoires. Our objective was to catalogue the vocal repertoire of C. a. ruwenzorii at Nabugabo, Uganda, and to compare it with the data available on congeners regarding intergroup tolerance, vocal repertoire size, and acoustic and behavioural features of vocal communication. Vocalizations were subject to spectrographic and behavioural analysis, and a descriptive analysis of each vocalization type was made. The influence of a few environmental and social factors on calling rates was also examined. We describe five vocalizations (i.e., the snort, roar, squeak, scream and pok) and one non-vocal signal (i.e., the tongue click) in this subspecies and their contexts. Distinct alarm calls are made for dogs, and these are given more often near the edge of the forest where humans frequent. We did not find that C. a. ruwenzorii showed a greater vocal repertoire than C. guereza or C. polykomos, which do not live in multi-level societies. Further, preliminary data do not indicate greater calling rates in larger core units of C. a. ruwenzorii compared to smaller units. These findings support the view that these primates’ vocalizations tend to be relatively conserved despite large differences in social organization.
Résumé
L’étude de la communication vocale permet de mieux comprendre la vie sociale et l’évolution des animaux. Les singes colobes présentent une grande variation interespèce et interpopulationelle en ce qui a trait à leur organisation sociale et à leur comportement. Des recherches récentes ont démontré que le colobe angolais de Rwenzori (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) diffère considérablement des autres colobes noirs et blancs, puisqu’il forme une société multi-niveaux. Jusqu’à présent, aucune étude sur la communication de C. a. ruwenzorii n’a été conduite, mais l’hypothèse de la complexité sociale en communication animale prédit que les sociétés plus complexes devraient développer des répertoires vocaux plus complexes. L’objectif de cette étude était de cataloguer le répertoire vocal de C. a. ruwenzorii à Nabugabo, en Ouganda, et de le comparer aux données disponibles sur ses congénères en ce qui a trait au niveau de tolérance intergroupe, à la taille du répertoire vocal et aux caractéristiques acoustiques du répertoire vocal. Cinq vocalisations (le grognement, le rugissement, le piaulement, le cri et le pok) et un signal non vocal (le cliquètement) ont été entendus lors de cette étude ; chaque signal est décrit dans cet article. C. a. ruwenzorii utilise aussi des cris d’alarme distincts en présence de chiens, et ces cris sont donnés plus fréquemment à l’orée de la forêt, un lieu fréquenté par les humains. La présente étude indique que C. a. ruwenzorii n’a pas un plus grand répertoire vocal que C. guereza ou C. polykomos, qui tous deux ne forment pas de sociétés multi-niveaux. De plus, des données préliminaires indiquent que la fréquence de vocalisation n’est pas plus élevée dans les unités centrales qui contiennent un plus grand nombre d’individus. Ces résultats appuient l’idée selon laquelle les vocalisations de ces primates sont relativement similaires (conservées) malgré d’importantes différences au niveau de l’organisation sociale.
Resumen
El estudio de la comunicación vocal permite mejor comprensión de la vida social y la evolución de los animales. El mono colobo demuestra una gran cantidad de variación interespecífica y inter poblacional en lo que se refiere a su organización social y su comportamiento. Investigaciones recientes han demostrado que el mono colobo angoleño de Rwenzori (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) difiere considerablemente de los otros colobos negros y blancos porque él forma une sociedad de múltiplos niveles. Hasta ahora, ningún estudio se ha concentrado en la comunicación de C. a. ruwenzorii, pero la hipótesis del efecto de la complexidad social en la comunicación de animales predice que las sociedades más complejas deberían desarrollar repertorios vocales más complejos. El objetivo de esta investigación era de catalogar el repertorio vocal de C. a. ruwenzorii en Nabugabo, en Uganda, para compararlo a los datos disponibles sobre sus congéneres en lo que se refiere al nivel de tolerancia entre grupos diferentes, al tamaño del repertorio vocal, y a las características acústicas del repertorio vocal. Se oyeron cinco tipos diferentes de vocalizaciones (la queja, el rugido, el chillido, el grito y el pok) y una señal sin característica vocal (el tintineo) durante este estudio; y cada señal está descrita en este artículo. C. a. ruwenzorii utiliza gritos de alarma distintos en la presencia de perros y estos gritos están utilizados más frecuentemente en el borde del bosque, donde la presencia de humanos es más común. Demostramos que C. a. ruwenzorii no tiene un repertorio vocal más largo que C. guereza o C. polykomos, los cuales no forman sociedades de múltiplos niveles. Además, datos preliminares indican que la intensidad de la vocalización no está más elevada en las unidades centrales que contienen una cantidad mayor de individuos. Estos resultados apoyan la conclusión que las vocalizaciones de estos primates son relativamente similares (conservadas) a pesar de deferencias importantes al nivel de la organización social.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1404 | 325 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 392 | 23 | 1 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 365 | 33 | 1 |
