The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti
In: Journal of Egyptian HistoryA building inscription in a limestone quarry at Dayr Abū Ḥinnis dated to Year 16 of Akhenaten proves that Akhenaten and Nefertiti were still the royal couple near the end of his reign. It is the highest known date of Queen Nefertiti and the latest dated inscription which can be certainly attributed to Akhenaten himself. The second part of the article evaluates current theories concerning the final years of Nefertiti and the successors of Akhenaten in the light of the new text.
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2
Gasse, “Rapport préliminaire d’une mission épigraphique à Deir Abou Hennes”; Willems and Demarée, “A Visitor’s Graffito in Dayr Abu Hinnis,” 224.
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10
Samson, “Royal Names in Amarna History,” 37–38 and “Nefertiti’s Regality,” 94; Perepelkin, The Secret of the Gold Coffin, 120; Reeves, “A Further Occurrence of Nefertiti as ḥmt nsw ꜤꜢt,” 61–65.
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14
Lopez, “Inscriptions hiératiques sur les talatât provenant des temples d’Akhenaton à Karnak,” 254.
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19
PM IV, 210, 217; Davies, The Rock Tombs of El Amarna. Part IV, 1–6.
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22
Habachi, “Unknown or Little-known Monuments of Tutankhamun and of his Viziers,” 39.
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23
Schulman, “The Berlin “Trauerrelief” (No. 12411) and Some Officials of Tut’ankhamn and Ay,” 67–68.
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25
Mallinson, “Investigation of the Small Aten Temple,” 138. A wine docket dating from Year 13 and a ring bezel of Ankhkheperure provide a terminus ante quem for the construction of the final phase. Mallinson, “Investigation of the Small Aten Temple,” 126.
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27
Hornung, Krauss, and Warburton, Ancient Egyptian Chronology, 206.
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30
Roeder, “Thronfolger und König Smench-ka-Rê (Dynastie XVIII),” 43.
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35
Schlögl, Nofretete. Die Wahrheit über die schöne Königin, 90.
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48
Samson, “The Amarna Collection at University College, London,” 231–37.
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52
Freed, et al., Farao’s van de Zon. Achnaton, Nefertiti, Toetanchamon, 88–89.
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59
Loeben, “Eine Bestattung der großen königlichen Gemachlin Nofretete in Amarna? Die Totenfigur der Nofretete,” 99–107. However, the two parts of the shabti described by Loeben originally belong to two different statuettes. It has been argued that these were probably put into the tomb as votive offerings. They appear to have been made at the beginning of the reign of Akhenaten, so the inscriptions cannot be used to provide information about the last years of Nefertiti. (See Reeves, Akhenaten. Egypt’s False Prophet, 170.)
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61
Krauss, Das Ende der Amarnazeit, 43–53; Gabolde, D’Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon, 147–85.
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63
Allen, “Two Altered Inscriptions of the Late Amarna Period,” 117–18 and “The Amarna Succession,” 12.
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81
Restoration proposed by Tawfik: Tawfik, “Aton Studies 3: Back again to Nefer-nefru-Aton,” 167. However, this restoration has been criticized, see Krauss, Das Ende der Amarnazeit, 88, n. 7.
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84
Gabolde, D’Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon, 153–57; Hoffmeier and van Dijk, “New Light on the Amarna Period from North Sinai,” 201–02, pl. IVb.
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86
Dodson, “Amarna Sunset: the late-Amarna succession revisited,” 31–32.
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94
Elliot Smith, The Royal Mummies, 51–56; Harrison, “An Anatomical Examination of the Pharaonic Remains Purported to Be Akhenaten”; Leclant and Minault-Gout, “Fouilles et travaux en Egypte et au Soudan, 1997–1998. Première partie,” 387; Filer, “The kv 55 Body: The Facts”; Ashrafian, “Familial epilepsy in the pharaohs of ancient Egypt’s eighteenth dynasty,” 25–26.
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95
Allen, “The Amarna Succession,” 19; Eaton-Krauss, “Mummies (and Daddies),” 34.
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102
Dodson, “Amarna Sunset: the late-Amarna succession revisited,” 33.
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105
Davies, The Rock Tombs of El Amarna. Part II, 44; Harris, “Neferneferuaten Regnans,” 18.
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109
Newberry, “Akhenaten’s Eldest Son-in-Law ‘Ankhkheprure’,” 6.
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110
Dodson, “Amarna Sunset: the late-Amarna succession revisited,” 31.
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111
Dodson, “Amarna Sunset: the late-Amarna succession revisited,” 31.
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113
Dodson, “Amarna Sunset: the late-Amarna succession revisited,” 31.
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115
Newberry, “Akhenaten’s Eldest Son-in-Law ‘Ankhkheprure’,” 8–9; Löhr, “Ahanjati in Memphis,” 157–58.
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116
Borchardt, “Aus der Arbeit an der Funden von Tell el-Amarna: vorläufiger Bericht,” 10.
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119
Malek, “The ‘coregency relief’ of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare from Memphis,” 558–59.
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134
Mallinson, “Excavation and Survey in the Central City,” 188.
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137
Boyce, “Notes on the manufacture and use of faience rings at Amarna,” 166.
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138
Mallinson, “Investigation of the Small Aten Temple,” 126. I would like to thank Dr. Barry Kemp for pointing out this reference.
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139
Martin, “The Coregency Stela University College London 410,” 354.
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143
Petrie, Tell El Amarna. 42. More recently Allen, “The Amarna Succession,” 12.
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145
Van Walsem, “The Dutch expedition to Saqqara, 1999–2000,” 17; Raven, et al., The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander in Chief of Tutankhamun V, 102–03.
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147
As suggested by Dodson, “Amarna Sunset: the late-Amarna succession revisited,” 32.
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160
Also suggested by Reeves, “An Amarna-period Ostracon from the Valley of the Kings,” 501–02.
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165
Samson, Amarna. City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, 103–06; Harris, “Neferneferuaten Regnans.”
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166
Marc Gabolde, personal communication 2012.
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168
The stela is published in Reeves, Akhenaten. Egypt’s False Prophet, 169.
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174
Hoffmeier and Abd El-Maksoud, “A New Military Site on ‘The Ways of Horus’: Tell el-Borg 1999–2001,” 180–81.
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175
Hoffmeier, “Recent Excavations on the ‘Ways of Horus’: The 2005 and 2006 Seasons at Tell El-Borg,” 276, fig. 23; Hoffmeier and van Dijk, “New Light on the Amarna Period from North Sinai,” 201.
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176
Hoffmeier and Abd El-Maksoud, “A New Military Site on ‘The Ways of Horus’: Tell el-Borg 1999–2001,” 181.
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177
Ertman and Hoffmeier, “A new fragmentary relief of King Ankhkheperure from Tell el-Borg (Sinai)?,” 301.
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179
Hoffmeier and van Dijk, “New Light on the Amarna Period from North Sinai,” 201–02.
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181
Barry Kemp 2013, personal communication.
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The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti
In: Journal of Egyptian HistoryA building inscription in a limestone quarry at Dayr Abū Ḥinnis dated to Year 16 of Akhenaten proves that Akhenaten and Nefertiti were still the royal couple near the end of his reign. It is the highest known date of Queen Nefertiti and the latest dated inscription which can be certainly attributed to Akhenaten himself. The second part of the article evaluates current theories concerning the final years of Nefertiti and the successors of Akhenaten in the light of the new text.
| All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1792 | 450 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 438 | 37 | 7 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 246 | 93 | 22 |