The validity of the bioaccumulation index versus the bioaccumulation factor for assessment of element accumulation in black soldier fly larvae
In: Journal of Insects as Food and FeedSearch for other papers by G. Daş in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by M.M. Seyedalmoosavi in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by K. Schleifer in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by M. Mielenz in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by C.C. Metges in
Current site
Google Scholar
Mineral and heavy metal accumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) is of growing interest. The bioaccumulation of elements in BSFL is usually assessed by a bioaccumulation factor (BAF), which is the ratio between the concentration of an element in the organism and in its feeding substrate. Recently, a new index, i.e. bioaccumulation index (BAI), which represents the relative increase in the concentration of a given element to its initial concentration has been proposed. The BAI is claimed to be a more valid alternative to the BAF, especially because it takes into account the initial element concentration of the larvae. This work assesses BAF and BAI in comparison with true element retention rate in BSFL. Using an experimental setup that included the element turnover of BSFL in two different feeding regimes (with and without a different substrate for neonatal larvae), we show that: (1) the initial element concentration in BSFL is only a tiny fraction (<0.1%) of the total element pool in the system, implying that the feeding substrate is the main source of elements to be accumulated by the growing larvae; (2) each element has a specific concentration pattern from the start to the end of feeding experiments. Furthermore, in cases where both neonatal diets and experimental feeding substrates are used during the larval growth period, BAI can be confounded by time/age with diet-related effects. From an agri-food perspective of rearing BSFL for element accumulation, the retention rate of elements from the feeding substrate to the larval body remains the most valid evaluation parameter. The results of input-output calculations and element-unspecific correlations suggest a higher agreement of true element retention rate with BAF than with BAI. Therefore, we propose to assess the element accumulation in BSFL by retention rate followed by BAF under laboratory conditions.
-
Chia, S.Y., Tanga, C.M., Osuga, I.M., Cheseto, X., Ekesi, S., Dicke, M. and Van Loon, J.J., 2020. Nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae feeding on agro-industrial by-products. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 168: 472-481.https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12940
-
Dzepe, D., Nana, P., Kuietche, H.M., Kimpara, J.M., Magatsing, O., Tchuinkam, T. and Djouaka, R., 2021. Feeding strategies for small-scale rearing black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as organic waste recycler. SN Applied Sciences 3: 1-9.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04039-5
-
Finke, M.D., 2013. Complete nutrient content of four species of feeder insects. Zoo Biology 32: 27-36.https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21012
-
Hogsette, J.A., 1992. New diets for production of house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in the laboratory. Journal of Economic Entomology 85: 2291-2294.https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.6.2291
-
Jucker, C., Lupi, D., Moore, C.D., Leonardi, M.G. and Savoldelli, S., 2020. Nutrient recapture from insect farm waste: bioconversion withHermetia illucens (L.)(Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Sustainability 12: 362.https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010362
-
Liland, N.S., Biancarosa, I., Araujo, P., Biemans, D., Bruckner, C.G., Waagbø, R., Torstensen, B.E. and Lock, E.-J., 2017. Modulation of nutrient composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae by feeding seaweed-enriched media. PloS One 12: e0183188.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183188
-
Lugert, V., Thaller, G., Tetens, J., Schulz, C. and Krieter, J., 2016. A review on fish growth calculation: multiple functions in fish production and their specific application. Reviews in Aquaculture 8: 30-42.https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12071
-
Macavei, L.I., Benassi, G., Stoian, V. and Maistrello, L., 2020. Optimization ofHermetia illucens (L.) egg laying under different nutrition and light conditions. PloS One 15: e0232144.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232144
-
Matsumoto, M. and Nishimura, T., 1998. Mersenne twister: a 623-dimensionally equidistributed uniform pseudo-random number generator. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS) 8: 3-30.https://doi.org/10.1145/272991.272995
-
Mesgaran, S.D., Kuhla, B., Beaumont, R., Cantalapiedra-Hijar, G., Noziére, P., Lund, P., Humphries, D. and Dijkstra, J., 2020. Nutrient digestibility and balance studies, Methods in cattle physiology and behaviour research. Publisso, Cologne, Germany.https://doi.org/10.5680/mcpb007
-
Naumann, C., Bassler, R., Seibold, R. and Barth, K., 1997. VDLUFA-Methodenbuch Band III, Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln. VDLUFA-Verlag, Darmstadt, Germany.
'VDLUFA-Methodenbuch Band III, Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln', ().
-
National Research Council (NRC), 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry: 9th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
-
Proc, K., Bulak, P., Kaczor, M. and Bieganowski, A., 2021. A new approach to quantifying bioaccumulation of elements in biological processes. Biology 10: 345.https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10040345
-
Proc, K., Bulak, P., Wiącek, D. and Bieganowski, A., 2020.Hermetia illucens exhibits bioaccumulative potential for 15 different elements–Implications for feed and food production. Science of The Total Environment 723: 138125.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138125
-
Raman, S.S., Stringer, L.C., Bruce, N.C. and Chong, C.S., 2022. Opportunities, challenges and solutions for black soldier fly larvae-based animal feed production. Journal of Cleaner Production 373: 133802.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133802
-
Schmitt, E., Belghit, I., Johansen, J., Leushuis, R., Lock, E.-J., Melsen, D., Kathirampatti Ramasamy Shanmugam, R., Van Loon, J. and Paul, A., 2019. Growth and safety assessment of feed streams for black soldier fly larvae: A case study with aquaculture sludge. Animals 9: 189.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040189
-
Seyedalmoosavi, M.M., Mielenz, M., Veldkamp, T., Daş, G. and Metges, C.C., 2022. Growth efficiency, intestinal biology, and nutrient utilization and requirements of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae compared to monogastric livestock species: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 13: 1-20.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-022-00682-7
-
Shumo, M., Osuga, I.M., Khamis, F.M., Tanga, C.M., Fiaboe, K.K., Subramanian, S., Ekesi, S., van Huis, A. and Borgemeister, C., 2019. The nutritive value of black soldier fly larvae reared on common organic waste streams in Kenya. Scientific Reports 9: 1-13.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46603-z
-
Srivastava, N. and Majumder, C., 2008. Novel biofiltration methods for the treatment of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials 151: 1-8.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.101
-
Tschirner, M. and Simon, A., 2015. Influence of different growing substrates and processing on the nutrient composition of black soldier fly larvae destined for animal feed. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1: 249-259.https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2014.0008
-
Van Huis, A., Oonincx, D., Rojo, S. and Tomberlin, J.K., 2020. Insects as feed: house fly or black soldier fly? Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6: 221-229.https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2020.x003
-
Walker, C., 1990. Kinetic models to predict bioaccumulation of pollutants. Functional Ecology 4(3): 295-301.https://doi.org/10.2307/2389589
-
Woods, M., Hoffman, L. and Pieterse, E., 2019. Artificial diets for neonatal black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5: 99-105.https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2018.0028
Supplementary Materials
The validity of the bioaccumulation index versus the bioaccumulation factor for assessment of element accumulation in black soldier fly larvae
In: Journal of Insects as Food and FeedSearch for other papers by G. Daş in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M.M. Seyedalmoosavi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by K. Schleifer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M. Mielenz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by C.C. Metges in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mineral and heavy metal accumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) is of growing interest. The bioaccumulation of elements in BSFL is usually assessed by a bioaccumulation factor (BAF), which is the ratio between the concentration of an element in the organism and in its feeding substrate. Recently, a new index, i.e. bioaccumulation index (BAI), which represents the relative increase in the concentration of a given element to its initial concentration has been proposed. The BAI is claimed to be a more valid alternative to the BAF, especially because it takes into account the initial element concentration of the larvae. This work assesses BAF and BAI in comparison with true element retention rate in BSFL. Using an experimental setup that included the element turnover of BSFL in two different feeding regimes (with and without a different substrate for neonatal larvae), we show that: (1) the initial element concentration in BSFL is only a tiny fraction (<0.1%) of the total element pool in the system, implying that the feeding substrate is the main source of elements to be accumulated by the growing larvae; (2) each element has a specific concentration pattern from the start to the end of feeding experiments. Furthermore, in cases where both neonatal diets and experimental feeding substrates are used during the larval growth period, BAI can be confounded by time/age with diet-related effects. From an agri-food perspective of rearing BSFL for element accumulation, the retention rate of elements from the feeding substrate to the larval body remains the most valid evaluation parameter. The results of input-output calculations and element-unspecific correlations suggest a higher agreement of true element retention rate with BAF than with BAI. Therefore, we propose to assess the element accumulation in BSFL by retention rate followed by BAF under laboratory conditions.