This paper examines six exhibitions of machines, clocks, and automata which were performed in the squares, salons and coffee-houses of late eighteenth-century London. It does not take into account those natural philosophers whose enquiries were acknowledged by institutional science, rather focusing on those mechanicks, illusionists, and circus owners (Gulielmo Pittachio, John Joseph Merlin, Benjamin Rackstrow, Henry Breslaw, Philip Astley and James Cox), often collocated in the category of charlatans. By taking into account original advertisements, catalogues and pamphlets, it argues that these shows, with their moments of veiling and unveiling, their dissimilar “methods” to astonish and induce credulity in the beholders, and their separation from institutional venues, were still conceived as places to enlighten and edify the mind, and conveyed concepts such as wonder, deception, curiosity and philosophical understanding to the public.
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James Ferguson, The Description and Use of a new Machine, called the Mechanical Paradox; invented by James Ferguson (London: A. Millar, 1760), p. 4.
Ferguson, Lectures on select subjects in mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, and optics: with The Use of the Globes, The Art of Dialing, and The Calculation of the Mean Times of New and Full Moons and Eclipses (London: Millar in the Strand, 1760), p. 3 of the Preface; see also John Millburn in collaboration with Henry C. King, Wheelwright of the Heavens. The Life and Work of James Ferguson (London: Vademecum Press, 1988), p. 59.
James Cox, A Descriptive Inventory of the Several Exquisite and Magnificent Pieces of Mechanism and Jewellery (London: H. Hart, 1774), p. 39; see also Millburn, Wheelwright (cit. note 3), pp. 211-212.
John Theophilus Desaguliers, A course of Experimental Philosophy (London: A. Millar, 1763), p. VIII.
Ian Inkster, “Advocates and Audience – Aspects of Popular Astronomy, 1750-1850,” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 1982, 92: 119-123, p. 121.
Lorraine Daston, Katharine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature 1150-1750 (New York: Zone Books, 1998), p. 343 and the section Vulgarity and the Love of the Marvelous at pp. 343-350.
Barbara Maria Stafford, Artful Science, Enlightenment Entertainment and the Eclipse of Visual Education (Cambridge: The Mit Press, 1994), p. XXII; see also Jessica Riskin, Science in the Age of Sensibility. The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002).
Clare Le Corbeiller, “James Cox and his Curious Toys,” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 1960, 18/10: 318-324.
Roy Porter, Quacks: fakers & charlatans in English medicine (London: Stroud Tempus, 2001), pp. 87-114; see also Porter, “The Language of Quakery in England 1660-1800,” in The Social History of Language, edited by Peter Burke, Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 73-103.
Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (London: R. J. Dodsley, 1757), p. 96.
Jessica Riskin, “Amusing Physics,” in Science and Spectacle (cit. note 12), p. 46.
Thomas Hankins, Robert Silverman, Instruments and the Imagination (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), pp. 11 and 37-71.
Henry Breslaw, Last Legacy; or The Magical Companion (London: W. Lane, 1745), p. X.
See Richard Yeo, “Classifying the Sciences,” in The Cambridge History of Science, Vol. 4, Eighteenth Century Science, edited by Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 241-266; Steven Shapin, “Social Uses of Science,” in The Ferment of Knowledge. Studies in Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Science, edited by George Rousseau, Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 93-139; on an earlier period and with a focus on Athanasius Kircher, but still interesting to highlight some of the key questions related to the topology of language and knowledge, see Olaf Breidbach, “On the Representation of Knowledge in Athanasius Kircher,” in Collection- Laboratory- Theater. Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century, edited by Helmar Schramm, Ludger Schwarte, Jan Lazardig (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2005), pp. 283-302; Stafford, Artful Science (cit. note 18), especially chapter 4, pp. 217-179; see also Daston, Wonders (cit. note 16), chapter seven, pp. 255-301.
Jim Bennett, “The Travels and Trials of Mr Harrison’s timekeeper,” in Instruments, Travel and Science. Itineraries of Precision from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century, edited by Marie Bourguet (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 75-95.
See William Kenrick, A Lecture on the Perpetual Motion (London: T. Evans, 1771), p. 1; quoted in Schaffer, “The Show That Never Ends: Perpetual Motion in the Early Eighteenth Century,” British Journal for the History of Science, 1995, 28/2:159.
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This paper examines six exhibitions of machines, clocks, and automata which were performed in the squares, salons and coffee-houses of late eighteenth-century London. It does not take into account those natural philosophers whose enquiries were acknowledged by institutional science, rather focusing on those mechanicks, illusionists, and circus owners (Gulielmo Pittachio, John Joseph Merlin, Benjamin Rackstrow, Henry Breslaw, Philip Astley and James Cox), often collocated in the category of charlatans. By taking into account original advertisements, catalogues and pamphlets, it argues that these shows, with their moments of veiling and unveiling, their dissimilar “methods” to astonish and induce credulity in the beholders, and their separation from institutional venues, were still conceived as places to enlighten and edify the mind, and conveyed concepts such as wonder, deception, curiosity and philosophical understanding to the public.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 217 | 50 | 1 |
Full Text Views | 178 | 16 | 1 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 61 | 24 | 2 |