Fungi carried over in jute bags – a smoking gun for aflatoxin contamination in the food supply chain
In: World Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by C. Wang in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by F. Xu in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by R.C. Baker in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by A. Pinjari in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by L. Bruckers in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by Y. Zhao in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by A. Stevenson in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by G. Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
India is the largest jute and fifth largest maize producing country in the world. In India maize is commonly stored and transported in jute bags which are used multiple times. Aflatoxin contamination of maize is a major issue in India. This study evaluated the potential impact of re-using jute bags on the risk of aflatoxin contamination of maize in the food supply chain. A total of 121 jute bags were collected in India; 95 had been used for maize and 26 bags were new. Significantly higher numbers of viable aflatoxigenic fungi were counted from re-used bags (27.8 times) (P<0.05), than the number from new bags. There was no significant difference between aflatoxin concentration found in the re-used jute bags and the new jute bags (P>0.05). Further analysis revealed that the aflatoxigenic fungal population (3.0 times) and aflatoxin concentration (1.2 times) were significantly higher in jute bags that had been used for maize with higher aflatoxin contamination (14-188.4 μg/kg total aflatoxins) than in those that had been used for maize with lower contamination (0.8-5.4 μg/kg total aflatoxins) (P<0.05). The significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between the aflatoxigenic fungal population of used jute bags and aflatoxin contamination of their packed maize indicated there is a risk of cross-contamination in the supply chain introduced by re-using jute bags. This is the first study to systematically reveal the potential impact of re-using jute bags on the fungal population and aflatoxin contamination risk. The application of readily applied treatments to re-used jute bags would help to minimise the aflatoxin contamination.
-
Abdelghany, A.Y., Awadalla, S.S., Abdelbaky, N.F., Elsyrafi, H.A. and Fields, P.G., 2016. Efficacy of reduced risk insecticides on penetration into jute and polyethylene bags byLasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 69: 190-194.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2016.08.009
-
Allameh, A., Safamehr, A., Mirhadi, S.A., Shivazad, M., Razzaghiabyaneh, M. and Afsharnaderi, A. 2005. Evaluation of biochemical and production parameters of broiler chicks fed ammonia treated aflatoxin contaminated maize grains. Animal Feed Science and Technology 122: 289-301.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.03.005
-
Amare, M.G. and Keller, N.P., 2014. Molecular mechanisms ofAspergillus flavus secondary metabolism and development. Fungal Genetics and Biology 66: 11-18.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.008
-
Baker, R.C., Ford, R.M., Helander, M.E., Janusz, M., Ramesh, N. and Bonnie, R., 2014. Framework for managing mycotoxin risks in the food industry. Journal of Food Protection 77: 2181-2188.http://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-060
-
Bari, Q.H., Hassan, K.M. and Haque, R., 2012. Scenario of solid waste reuse in Khulna city of Bangladesh. Waste Management 32: 2526-2534.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.07.001
-
Basaran, P. and Akhan, U., 2010. Microwave irradiation of hazelnuts for the control of aflatoxin producingAspergillus parasiticus. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 11: 113-117.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2009.08.010
-
Beuchat, L.R., Chmielewski, R., Keswani, J., Law, S.E. and Frank, J.F., 1999. Inactivation of aflatoxigenicAspergilli by treatment with ozone. Letters in Applied Microbiology 29: 202-205.http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00618.x
-
Broissinvargas, L.M., Snellcastro, R., Godon, J., Gonzalezrios, O. and Suarezquiroz, M.L., 2018. Impact of storage conditions on fungal community composition of green coffee beansCoffea arabica L. stored in jute sacks during 1 year. Journal of Applied Microbiology 124: 547-558.https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13656
-
Bulaong, S.S.P., 2002. Fungal population, aflatoxin and free fatty acid contents of peanuts packed in different bag types. Biotropia 19: 1-25.http://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2002.0.19.229
-
Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), 2012. Health studies – understanding chemical and radiation exposures: aflatoxin. Available at:https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/chemicals/aflatoxin.htm
-
Chang, P., Horn, B.W. and Dorner, J.W., 2005. Sequence breakpoints in the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster and flanking regions in nonaflatoxigenicAspergillus flavus isolates. Fungal Genetics and Biology 42: 914-923.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2005.07.004
-
Dyer, S.K. and Mccammon, S., 1994. Detection of toxigenic isolates ofAspergillus flavus and related species on coconut cream agar. Journal of Applied Microbiology 76: 75-78.http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb04418.x
-
Ferreira, J.A.M., Capela, C., Manaia, J. and Costa, J.D., 2016. Mechanical properties of woven mat jute/epoxy composites. Materials Research 19: 702-710.http://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0422
-
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2019. Statistics. Available at:http://www.fao.org/faostatics/en
-
Fountain, J.C., Koh, J., Yang, L., Pandey, M.K., Nayak, S.N., Bajaj, P., Zhuang, W., Chen, Z., Kemerait, R.C. and Lee, R.D., 2018. Proteome analysis ofAspergillus flavus isolate-specific responses to oxidative stress in relationship to aflatoxin production capability. Scientific Reports 8: 3430.http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21653-x
-
Franco, C.M., Fente, C.A., Vazquez, B.I., Cepeda, A., Mahuzier, G. and Prognon, P., 1998. Interaction between cyclodextrins and aflatoxins Q1, M1 and P1 fluorescence and chromatographic studies. Journal of Chromatography A 815: 21-29.http://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00509-3
-
Giorni, P., Magan, N., Pietri, A., Bertuzzi, T. and Battilani, P., 2007. Studies onAspergillus sectionFlavi isolated from maize in northern Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology 113: 330-338.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.09.007.
-
Grob, K., Lanfranchi, M., Egli, J. and Artho, A., 1991. Determination of food contamination by mineral oil from jute sacks using coupled LC-GC. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International 74: 506-512.
'Determination of food contamination by mineral oil from jute sacks using coupled LC-GC ' () 74 Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International : 506 -512.
-
Hoffmann, V., Mutiga, S.K., Harvey, J.W., Nelson, R.J. and Milgroom, M.G., in press. Observability of food safety losses in maize: evidence from Kenya. Food Policy, 101895.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101895
-
James, A. and Zikankuba, V.L., 2018. Mycotoxins contamination in maize alarms food safety in sub-Sahara Africa. Food Control 90: 372-381.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.018
-
Klingelhofer, D., Zhu, Y., Braun, M., Bendels, M.H.K., Bruggmann, D. and Groneberg, D.A., 2018. Aflatoxin – Publication analysis of a global health threat. Food Control 89: 280-290.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.017
-
Kumar, P., Mahato, D.K., Kamle, M., Mohanta, T.K. and Kang, S.G., 2017. Aflatoxins: a global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Frontiers in Microbiology 7: 2170.http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02170
-
Liu, J., Sun, L., Zhang, N., Zhang, J., Guo, J., Li, C., Rajput, S.A. and Qi, D. 2016. Effects of nutrients in substrates of different grains on aflatoxin B1 production byAspergillus flavus. BioMed Research International 2016: 7232858.http://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7232858
-
Mahuku, G., Nzioki, H.S., Mutegi, C., Kanampiu, F., Narrod, C.A. and Makumbi, D., 2019. Pre-harvest management is a critical practice for minimizing aflatoxin contamination of maize. Food Control 96: 219-226.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.08.032
-
Maity, S., 2016. Jute needlepunched nonwovens: manufacturing, properties, and applications. Journal of Natural Fibers 13: 383-396.http://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2015.1029200
-
Malaker, P.K., Mian, I.H., Bhuiyan, K.A., Akanda, A.M. and Reza, M.M.A., 2008. Effect of storage containers and time on seed quality of wheat. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 33: 469-477.http://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v33i3.1606
-
Mannaa, M., Oh, J.Y. and Kim, K.D., 2017. Microbe-mediated control ofAspergillus flavus in stored rice grains with a focus on aflatoxin inhibition and biodegradation. Annals of Applied Biology 171: 376-392.http://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12381
-
Murdock, L.L. and Baoua, I.B., 2014. On Purdue improved cowpea storage (PICS) technology: background, mode of action, future prospects. Journal of Stored Products Research 58: 3-11.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.02.006
-
Mutegi, C., Wagacha, J.M., Christie, M.E., Kimani, J. and Karanja, L.W., 2013. Effect of storage conditions on quality and aflatoxin contamination of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). International Journal of AgriScience 3: 746-758.
'Effect of storage conditions on quality and aflatoxin contamination of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) ' () 3 International Journal of AgriScience : 746 -758.
-
Nakai, V.K., Rocha, L.O., Goncalez, E., Fonseca, H., Ortega, E.M.M. and Correa, B., 2008. Distribution of fungi and aflatoxins in a stored peanut variety. Food Chemistry 106: 285-290.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.087
-
Nierman, W.C., Yu, J., Fedorovaabrams, N.D., Losada, L., Cleveland, T.E., Bhatnagar, D., Bennett, J.W., Dean, R.A. and Payne, G.A., 2015. Genome sequence ofAspergillus flavus NRRL 3357, a strain that causes aflatoxin contamination of food and feed. Genome Announcements 3: e00168-15.http://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00168-15
-
Ostry, V., Malir, F., Toman, J. and Grosse, Y., 2017. Mycotoxins as human carcinogens – the IARC monographs classification. Mycotoxin Research 33: 65-73.http://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-016-0265-7
-
Palliyaguru, D.L. and Wu, F., 2013. Global geographical overlap of aflatoxin and hepatitis C: controlling risk factors for liver cancer worldwide. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 30: 534-540.http://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2012.751630
-
Paramawati, R., Widodo, P., Budiharti, U. and Handaka, H., 2016. The role of postharvest machineries and packaging in minimizing aflatoxin contamination in peanut. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 7: 15-19.http://doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v7n1.2006.p15-19
-
Pitt, J.I., Hocking, A.D. and Glenn, D.R., 1983. An improved medium for the detection ofAspergillus flavus andA. parasiticus. Journal of Applied Microbiology 54: 109-114.http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1983.tb01307.x
-
Rajarajan, P.N., Rajasekaran, K.M. and Devi, N.K., 2013. Aflatoxin contamination in agricultural commodities. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 4: 148-151.http://doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.4.25
-
Ranum, P., Penarosas, J.P. and Garciacasal, M.N., 2014. Global maize production, utilization, and consumption. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1312: 105-112.https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12396
-
Razzaghiabyaneh, M., Shamsghahfarokhi, M., Allameh, A., Kazeroonshiri, A., Ranjbarbahadori, S., Mirzahoseini, H. and Rezaee, M., 2006. A survey on distribution ofAspergillus sectionFlavi in corn field soils in Iran: population patterns based on aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid and sclerotia production. Mycopathologia 161: 183-192.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-005-0242-8
-
Somashekar, D., Rati, E.R., Anand, S. and Chandrashekar, A., 2004. Isolation, enumeration and PCR characterization of aflatoxigenic fungi from food and feed samples in India. Food Microbiology 21: 809-813.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2004.01.012
-
Suanthie, Y., Cousin, M.A. and Woloshuk, C.P., 2009. Multiplex real-time PCR for detection and quantification of mycotoxigenicAspergillus, Penicillium andFusarium. Journal of Stored Products Research 45: 139-145.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2008.12.001
-
Sudini, H., Ranga Rao, G.V., Gowda, C.L.L., Chandrika, R., Margam, V., Rathore, A. and Murdock, L.L., 2015. Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags for safe storage of groundnuts. Journal of Stored Products Research 64: 133-138.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.09.002
-
Udomkun, P., Wiredu, A.N., Nagle, M., Müller, J., Vanlauwe, B. and Bandyopadhyay, R., 2017. Innovative technologies to manage aflatoxins in foods and feeds and the profitability of application – a review. Food Control 76: 127-138.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.01.008
-
Villers, P., 2014. Aflatoxins and safe storage. Frontiers in Microbiology 5: 158-158.http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00158
-
Wagacha, J.M., Mutegi, C., Christie, M.E., Karanja, L.W. and Kimani, J., 2013. Changes in fungal population and aflatoxin levels and assessment of major aflatoxin types in stored peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus). Journal of Field Robotics 2: 10-23.
'Changes in fungal population and aflatoxin levels and assessment of major aflatoxin types in stored peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus) ' () 2 Journal of Field Robotics : 10 -23.
-
Wu, F. and Khlangwiset, P., 2010. Health economic impacts and cost-effectiveness of aflatoxin-reduction strategies in Africa: case studies in biocontrol and post-harvest interventions. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 27: 496-509.http://doi.org/10.1080/19440040903437865
-
Yu, J., 2012. Current understanding on aflatoxin biosynthesis and future perspective in reducing aflatoxin contamination. Toxins 4: 1024-1057.http://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4111024
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 293 | 220 | 9 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 120 | 74 | 3 |
Fungi carried over in jute bags – a smoking gun for aflatoxin contamination in the food supply chain
In: World Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by C. Wang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by F. Xu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by R.C. Baker in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A. Pinjari in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by L. Bruckers in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Y. Zhao in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A. Stevenson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by G. Zhang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
India is the largest jute and fifth largest maize producing country in the world. In India maize is commonly stored and transported in jute bags which are used multiple times. Aflatoxin contamination of maize is a major issue in India. This study evaluated the potential impact of re-using jute bags on the risk of aflatoxin contamination of maize in the food supply chain. A total of 121 jute bags were collected in India; 95 had been used for maize and 26 bags were new. Significantly higher numbers of viable aflatoxigenic fungi were counted from re-used bags (27.8 times) (P<0.05), than the number from new bags. There was no significant difference between aflatoxin concentration found in the re-used jute bags and the new jute bags (P>0.05). Further analysis revealed that the aflatoxigenic fungal population (3.0 times) and aflatoxin concentration (1.2 times) were significantly higher in jute bags that had been used for maize with higher aflatoxin contamination (14-188.4 μg/kg total aflatoxins) than in those that had been used for maize with lower contamination (0.8-5.4 μg/kg total aflatoxins) (P<0.05). The significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between the aflatoxigenic fungal population of used jute bags and aflatoxin contamination of their packed maize indicated there is a risk of cross-contamination in the supply chain introduced by re-using jute bags. This is the first study to systematically reveal the potential impact of re-using jute bags on the fungal population and aflatoxin contamination risk. The application of readily applied treatments to re-used jute bags would help to minimise the aflatoxin contamination.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 293 | 220 | 9 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 120 | 74 | 3 |
