Ethical aspects of insect production for food and feed
In: Journal of Insects as Food and FeedSearch for other papers by M. Gjerris in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by C. Gamborg in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by H. Röcklinsberg in
Current site
Google Scholar
Given a growing global human population and high pressures on resources, interest in insects as a source of protein for human food (entomophagy) and for animal feed is growing. So far, the main issues discussed have been the embedded technical challenges of scaling up the production. The use of insects as a major human food and feed source is thought to present two major challenges: (1) how to turn insects into safe, tasty socially acceptable feed and food; and (2) how to cheaply yet sustainably produce enough insects? Entomophagy, however, as any utilisation of animals and the rest of nature also entails ethical issues – both regarding the impact on human health, the environment and climate change and regarding production methods such as intensification and biotechnology. The aim of the paper is to give a systematic overview of ethical aspects embedded in the notion of utilising insects as protein providers in the Western food and feed production chains. We identify five areas where ethical questions are especially pertinent: environmental impact, human and animal health, human preferences and social acceptability, animal welfare and finally broader animal ethics issues. Especially the latter two are more scantly dealt with in the literature. This part of the review will therefore contain suggestions for ethical issues that should be examined closer.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A., 2016. Reducing the global environmental impact of livestock production: the minilivestock option. Journal of Cleaner Production 112: 1754-1766.
Reducing the global environmental impact of livestock production: the minilivestock option Journal of Cleaner Production 112 1754 1766
-
Allen, C., 2004. Animal pain. Noûs 38(4): 617-643.
'Animal pain ' () 38 Noûs : 617 -643.
-
Appleby, M.C., 2014. Whom should we eat? Why veal can be better for welfare than chicken. In: Appleby, M.C., Weary, D.M. and Sandøe, P. (eds.) Dilemmas in animal welfare. Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 85-102.
'Whom should we eat? Why veal can be better for welfare than chicken ', in Dilemmas in animal welfare , () 85 -102.
-
Ashley, P.J., Ringrose, S., Edwards, K.L., Wallington, E., McCrohan, C.R. and Sneddon, L.U., 2009. Effect of noxious stimulation upon antipredator responses and dominance status in rainbow trout. Animal Behavior 7: 403-410.
'Effect of noxious stimulation upon antipredator responses and dominance status in rainbow trout ' () 7 Animal Behavior : 403 -410.
-
Azagoh, C., Hubert, A. and Mezdour, S., 2015. Insect biorefinery in Europe:‘DESigning the Insect bioRefinery to contribute to a more sustainABLE agro-food industry’. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1: 159-168.
Insect biorefinery in Europe:‘DESigning the Insect bioRefinery to contribute to a more sustainABLE agro-food industry’ Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1 159 168
-
Bennie, N.A.C., Loaring, C.D., Bennie, M.M.G. and Trim, S.A., 2012. An effective method for terrestrial arthropod euthanasia. Journal of Experimental Biology 215: 4237-4241.
An effective method for terrestrial arthropod euthanasia Journal of Experimental Biology 215 4237 4241
-
Boller, E., 1972. Behavioral aspects of mass-rearing of insects. Entomophaga 17: 9-25.
'Behavioral aspects of mass-rearing of insects ' () 17 Entomophaga : 9 -25.
-
Borkfelt, S., Kondrup, S., Röcklinsberg, R., Bjørkdahl, K. and Gjerris, M., 2015. Closer to nature? A critical discussion of the marketing of ‘‘ethical’’ animal products. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28: 1053-1073.
Closer to nature? A critical discussion of the marketing of ‘‘ethical’’ animal products Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 1053 1073
-
Bovenkerk, B. and Meijboom, F.L.B., 2013. Fish welfare in aquaculture: explicating the chain of interactions between science and ethics. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 26: 41-61.
Fish welfare in aquaculture: explicating the chain of interactions between science and ethics Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 26 41 61
-
Braithwaite, V.A., Huntingford, F. and Van den Bos, R., 2013. Variation in emotion and cognition among fishes. Journal of Agricultural and Environment Ethics 26: 7-23.
Variation in emotion and cognition among fishes Journal of Agricultural and Environment Ethics 26 7 23
-
Brambell, F.W.R., 1965. Report of the technical committee to inquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive livestock husbandry systems (reprinted 1974). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK.
'Report of the technical committee to inquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive livestock husbandry systems (reprinted 1974)', ().
-
Broom, D.M., 2014. Sentience and animal welfare. Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Wallingford, UK.
'Sentience and animal welfare', ().
-
Broom, D.M., 2001. Evolution of pain. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 70: 17-21.
'Evolution of pain ' () 70 Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift : 17 -21.
-
Brunk, C. and Hartley, S., 2012. Designer animals. Mapping the issues in animal biotechnology. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
'Designer animals ', in Mapping the issues in animal biotechnology , ().
-
Charlton, A.J., Dickinson, M., Wakefield, M.E., Fitches, E., Kenis, M., Han, R., Zhu, F., Kone, N., Grant, M., Devic, E., Bruggeman, G., Prior, R. and Smith, R., 2015. Exploring the chemical safety of fly larvae as a source of protein for animal feed. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1: 7-16.
Exploring the chemical safety of fly larvae as a source of protein for animal feed Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1 7 16
-
Christensen, D.L., Orech, F.O., Mungai, M.N., Larsen, T., Friss, H. and Aagaard-Hansen, J., 2006. Entomophagy among the luo of Kenya: a potential mineral source? International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 57: 198-203.
Entomophagy among the luo of Kenya: a potential mineral source? International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 57 198 203
-
Cooper, J.E., 2011. Anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia of invertebrates. Institute for Research Animals Journal 52: 196-204.
Anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia of invertebrates Institute for Research Animals Journal 52 196 204
-
Cruz, M.S. and Dossey, A., 2013. Insects for human consumption. In: Morales-Ramos, J.A., Rojas, M.G. and Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. (eds.) Mass production of beneficial organisms invertebrates and entomopathogens. Elsevier, Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 617-651.
'Insects for human consumption ', in Mass production of beneficial organisms invertebrates and entomopathogens , () 617 -651.
-
Dawkins, M.S., 2006. A user’s guide to animal welfare science. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21: 77-82.
'A user’s guide to animal welfare science ' () 21 Trends in Ecology and Evolution : 77 -82.
-
De Goede, D.M., Erens, J., Kapsomenou, E. and Peters, M., 2013. Large scale insect rearing an animal welfare. In: Röcklinsberg, H. and Sandin, P. (eds.) The ethics of consumption. The citizen, the market and the law. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 236-242.
'Large scale insect rearing an animal welfare ', in The ethics of consumption. The citizen, the market and the law , () 236 -242.
-
Diamond, C., 2001. Injustice and animals. In: Elliott, C. (ed.) Slow cures and bad philosophers. Essays on Wittgenstein, medicine and bioethics. Duke university Press, Durham, UK, pp.119-143.
'Injustice and animals ', in Slow cures and bad philosophers. Essays on Wittgenstein, medicine and bioethics , () 119 -143.
-
Dol, M., Van Vlissingen, M.F., Kasanmoentalib, S., Visser, T. and Zwart, H., 1999. Recognizing the intrinsic value of nature. Van Gorcum Uitgeverij, Assen, the Netherlands.
'Recognizing the intrinsic value of nature', ().
-
Draney, M.L., 1997. Ethical obligations toward insect pests. Ethics and the Environment 2: 5-23.
'Ethical obligations toward insect pests ' () 2 Ethics and the Environment : 5 -23.
-
Eisemann, C.H., Jorgensen, W.K., Merritt, D.J., Rice, M.J., Cribb, B.W., Webb, P.D. and Zalucki, M.P., 1984. Do insects feel pain? A biological view. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 40: 164-167.
'Do insects feel pain? A biological view ' () 40 Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : 164 -167.
-
Elwood, R.W., 2011. Pain and suffering in invertebrates? Institue of Research Animals Journal 5(22): 175-184.
Pain and suffering in invertebrates? Institue of Research Animals Journal 5 175 184
-
Elwood, R.W., 2012. Evidence for pain in decapod crustaceans. Animal Welfare 21(S2): 23-27.
'Evidence for pain in decapod crustaceans ' () 21 Animal Welfare : 23 -27.
-
Erens, J., Van Es, S., Haverkort, F., Kapsomenou, E. and Luijben, A., 2012. A bug’s life: large-scale insect rearing in relation to animal welfare: project 1052. Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
'A bug’s life: large-scale insect rearing in relation to animal welfare: project 1052', ().
-
European Commission (EC), 2006. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on a community action plan on the protection and welfare of animals, 2006-2010. Brussels, Belgium. Available at:http://tinyurl.com/hfdxv7z.
-
European Commission (EC), 2010. Directive 2010/63/EU of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union L276: 33-79.
-
Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC), 2014. Food safety aspects of insects intended for human consumption. FASFC, Brussels, Belgium. Available at:http://tinyurl.com/zk9x958.
-
Finke, M.D., 2004. Encyclopedia of entomology. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
'Encyclopedia of entomology', ().
-
Francione, G.L., 2008. Animals as persons: essays on the abolition of animal exploitation. Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA.
'Animals as persons: essays on the abolition of animal exploitation', ().
-
Gamborg, C. and Gjerris, M., 2009. The price of responsibility. In: Gjerris, M., Gamborg, C., Olesen, J.E. and Wolf, J. (eds.) Earth on fire. Climate change from a philosophical and ethical perspective. Forlaget Alfa, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 89-115.
'The price of responsibility ', in Earth on fire. Climate change from a philosophical and ethical perspective , () 89 -115.
-
Gamborg, C. and Gjerris, M., 2012. For the benefit of the land? Ethical aspects of the impact of meat production on nature, the environment, and the countryside. In: Potthas, T. and Meisch, S. (eds.) Climate change and sustainable development. Ethical perspectives on land use and food production. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 202-206.
'For the benefit of the land? Ethical aspects of the impact of meat production on nature, the environment, and the countryside ', in Climate change and sustainable development. Ethical perspectives on land use and food production , () 202 -206.
-
Gerber, P.J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A. and Tempio, G., 2013. Tackling climate change through livestock – a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
'Tackling climate change through livestock – a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities', ().
-
Gjerris, M., 2015. Willed blindness: a discussion of our moral shortcomings in relation to animals. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28: 517-532.
Willed blindness: a discussion of our moral shortcomings in relation to animals Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28 517 532
-
Gjerris, M., Nielsen, M.E.J. and Sandøe, P., 2013. The good, the right and the fair. An introduction to ethics. College Publications, London, UK.
'The good, the right and the fair ', in An introduction to ethics , ().
-
Goodland, R. and Anhang, J., 2009. Livestock and climate change. What if the key actors in climate change are… cows, pigs, and chickens. World Watch Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
'Livestock and climate change ', in What if the key actors in climate change are… cows, pigs, and chickens , ().
-
Hardouin, J., 1995. Minilivestock: from gathering to controlled production. Biodiversity and Conservation 4: 220-232.
'Minilivestock: from gathering to controlled production ' () 4 Biodiversity and Conservation : 220 -232.
-
Hauskeller, M., 2007. Biotechnology and the integrity of life. Taking public fears seriously. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Farnham, UK.
'Biotechnology and the integrity of life ', in Taking public fears seriously , ().
-
Henry, M., Gasco, L., Piccolo, G. and Fountulaki, E., 2015. Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future. Animal Feed Science and Technology 203: 1-22.
'Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future ' () 203 Animal Feed Science and Technology : 1 -22.
-
Horvath, K., Angeletti, D., Nascetti, G. and Carere, C., 2013. Invertebrate welfare: an overlooked issue. Annali dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità 49: 9-17.
'Invertebrate welfare: an overlooked issue ' () 49 Annali dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità : 9 -17.
-
Ilea, R.C., 2009. Intensive livestock farming: global trends, increased environmental concerns, and ethical solutions. Journal of Agricultural and Environment Ethics 22: 153-167.
Intensive livestock farming: global trends, increased environmental concerns, and ethical solutions Journal of Agricultural and Environment Ethics 22 153 167
-
Jongema, Y., 2015. List of edible insects of the world. Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Available at:http://tinyurl.com/mestm6p.
-
Kellert, S.R., 1993. Values and perceptions of invertebrates. Conservation Biology 7: 845-855.
'Values and perceptions of invertebrates ' () 7 Conservation Biology : 845 -855.
-
Knutsson, S., 2015. The moral importance of invertebrates such as insects. MSc thesis, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
-
Krebs, A., 1999. Ethics of nature. A map. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany and New York, NY, USA.
'Ethics of nature ', in A map , ().
-
Last, A., 2014. Who’s the pest? Imagining human-insect futures beyond antagonism. Science as Culture 23: 98-107.
'Who’s the pest? Imagining human-insect futures beyond antagonism ' () 23 Science as Culture : 98 -107.
-
Lockwood, J.A., 1987. The moral standing of insects and the ethics of extinction. The Florida Entomologist 70: 70-89.
'The moral standing of insects and the ethics of extinction ' () 70 The Florida Entomologist : 70 -89.
-
Lockwood, J.A., 1988. Not to harm a fly. Our ethical obligations to insects. Between the Species 4: 204-211.
'Not to harm a fly ' () 4 Our ethical obligations to insects. Between the Species : 204 -211.
-
Looy, H., Dunkel, F.V. and Wood, J.R., 2014. How then shall we eat? Insect-eating attitudes and sustainable foodways. Agriculture and Human Values 31: 131-411.
'How then shall we eat? Insect-eating attitudes and sustainable foodways ' () 31 Agriculture and Human Values : 131 -411.
-
Lund, V., Mejdell, C., Röcklinsberg, H., Anthony, R. and Håstein, T., 2007. Expanding the moral circle: farmed fish as objects of moral concern. Disease of Aquatic Organisms 75: 109-118.
'Expanding the moral circle: farmed fish as objects of moral concern ' () 75 Disease of Aquatic Organisms : 109 -118.
-
Lundy, M.E. and Parrella, M.P., 2015. Crickets are not a free lunch: protein capture from scalable organic side-streams via high-density populations of acheta domesticus. PLOS One: e0118785.
'Crickets are not a free lunch: protein capture from scalable organic side-streams via high-density populations of acheta domesticus ' () PLOS One : e0118785.
-
Magee, B. and Elwood, R.W., 2013. Shock avoidance by discrimination learning in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) is consistent with a key criterion for pain. The Journal of Experimental Biology 216: 353-358.
Shock avoidance by discrimination learning in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) is consistent with a key criterion for pain The Journal of Experimental Biology 216 353 358
-
Majima, S., 2014. A brief thought on the future of global ethics: military robots and new food technologies. Journal of Global Ethics 14: 53-55.
A brief thought on the future of global ethics: military robots and new food technologies Journal of Global Ethics 14 53 55
-
Makkar, H.P.S., Tran, G., Heuzé, V. and Ankers, P., 2014. Sate-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology 197: 1-33.
'Sate-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed ' () 197 Animal Feed Science and Technology : 1 -33.
-
Martins, C.I.M., Galhardo, L., Noble, C., Damsgård, B., Spedicato, M.T., Zupa, W., Beauchaud, M., Kulczykowska, E., Massabuau, J.C., Carter, T., Planellas, S.R. and Kristiansen, T., 2012. Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 38: 17-41.
'Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish ' () 38 Fish Physiology and Biochemistry : 17 -41.
-
Mather, J.A., 2001. Animal suffering: an invertebrate perspective. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4: 151-156.
Animal suffering: an invertebrate perspective Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4 151 156
-
Mather, J.A., 2011. Philosophical background of attitudes toward and treatment of invertebrates. ILAR Journal 52: 205-212.
Philosophical background of attitudes toward and treatment of invertebrates ILAR Journal 52 205 212
-
Mather, J. and Anderson, R.C., 2007. Ethics and invertebrates: a cephalopod perspective. Disease of Aquatic Organisms 75: 119-129.
'Ethics and invertebrates: a cephalopod perspective ' () 75 Disease of Aquatic Organisms : 119 -129.
-
Meyer-Abich, K.M., 1984. Wege zum frieden mit der natur: praktische philosophie für die umweltpolitik. Carl Hanser Verlag, München, Germany.
'Wege zum frieden mit der natur: praktische philosophie für die umweltpolitik', ().
-
Meyer-Abich, K.M., 1990. Aufstand für die natur: von der umwelt zur mitwelt. Carl Hanser Verlag, München, Germany.
'Aufstand für die natur: von der umwelt zur mitwelt', ().
-
Næss, A., 1979. Self-realization in mixed communities of humans, bears, sheep, and wolves. Inquiry 22: 231-241.
'Self-realization in mixed communities of humans, bears, sheep, and wolves ' () 22 Inquiry : 231 -241.
-
Norris, K., Potts, S.G. and Mortimer, S.R., 2010. Ecosystem services and food production. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology 30: 52-69.
'Ecosystem services and food production ' () 30 Issues in Environmental Science and Technology : 52 -69.
-
Oonincx, D.G.A.B. and De Boer, I.J.M., 2012. Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans – a life cycle assessment. PLoS ONE: e51145.
'Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans – a life cycle assessment ' () PLoS ONE : e51145.
-
Packard, A.J., 1877. Half hours with insects. Estes and Lauriat, Boston, MA, USA.
'Half hours with insects', ().
-
Pitt, D.B. and Shockley, M., 2014. Don't fear the creeper. Do entomology outreach events influence how the public perceives and values insects and arachnids. American Entomologist 60: 97-100.
'Don't fear the creeper ' () 60 Do entomology outreach events influence how the public perceives and values insects and arachnids. American Entomologist : 97 -100.
-
Proctor, H.S., Carder, G. and Cornish, A.R., 2013. Searching for animal sentience: a systematic review of the scientific literature. Animals 3: 882-906.
'Searching for animal sentience: a systematic review of the scientific literature ' () 3 Animals : 882 -906.
-
Regan, T., 1983. The case for animal rights. University of California Press, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
'The case for animal rights', ().
-
Röcklinsberg, H., 2015. Fish consumption: choices in the intersection of public concern, fish welfare, food security, human health and climate change. Journal of Agricultural and Environment Ethics 28: 533-551.
Fish consumption: choices in the intersection of public concern, fish welfare, food security, human health and climate change Journal of Agricultural and Environment Ethics 28 533 551
-
Röcklinsberg, H., Gamborg, C., Gjerris, M., 2013. A case for integrity: gains of including more than animal welfare in animal ethics committee deliberations. Laboratory Animals 48: 61-71.
'A case for integrity: gains of including more than animal welfare in animal ethics committee deliberations ' () 48 Laboratory Animals : 61 -71.
-
Rumpold, B.A. and Schlüter, O.K., 2013. Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 57: 802-823.
'Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects ' () 57 Molecular Nutrition and Food Research : 802 -823.
-
Rutgers, B. and Heeger, R., 1999. Inherent worth and respect for animal integrity. In: Dol, M., Van Vlissingen, M.F., Kasanmoentalib, S., Visser, T. and Zwart, H. (eds.) Recognizing the intrinsic value of nature. Van Gorcum Uitgeverij, Assen, the Netherlands, pp. 41-53.
'Inherent worth and respect for animal integrity ', in Recognizing the intrinsic value of nature , () 41 -53.
-
Sammet, R., Andres, H. and Dreesmann, D., 2015. Human-insect relationships: an ANTless story? Children’s, adolescents’, and young adults’ ways of characterizing social insects. Anthrozoos 28: 247-261.
'Human-insect relationships: an ANTless story? Children’s, adolescents’, and young adults’ ways of characterizing social insects ' () 28 Anthrozoos : 247 -261.
-
Schmidt, C.W., 2008. The Yuck factor when disgust meets discovery. Environmental Health Perspectives 116(12): A524-A527.
'The Yuck factor when disgust meets discovery ' () 116 Environmental Health Perspectives : A524 -A527.
-
Sherwin, C., 2001. Can invertebrates suffer? Or how robust is argument-by-analogy. Animal Welfare 10: 103-118.
'Can invertebrates suffer? Or how robust is argument-by-analogy ' () 10 Animal Welfare : 103 -118.
-
Singer, P., 1975. Animal liberation. Harper Collins Books, New York, NY, USA.
'Animal liberation', ().
-
Smith, J.A., 1991. A question of pain in invertebrates. Institute of Laboratory Animals Research Journal 33: 25-31.
A question of pain in invertebrates Institute of Laboratory Animals Research Journal 33 25 31
-
Smith, R. and Pryor, R., 2013. Work package 5: pro-insect platform in Europe. Deliverable 5.1 – mapping exercise report with regard to current legislation and regulation: Europe and Africa and China. Minerva HCC Ltd, Andover, UK, 24 pp.
'Work package 5: pro-insect platform in Europe ', in Deliverable 5.1 – mapping exercise report with regard to current legislation and regulation: Europe and Africa and China , () 24.
-
Sneddon, L.U., Elwood, R.W., Adamo, S.A. and Leach, M.C., 2014. Defining and assessing animal pain. Animal Behaviour 97: 201-212.
'Defining and assessing animal pain ' () 97 Animal Behaviour : 201 -212.
-
Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M. and De Haan, C., 2006. Livestock's long shadow – environmental issues and options. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
'Livestock's long shadow – environmental issues and options', ().
-
Taylor, P.W., 1986. Respect for nature: a theory of environmental ethics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA.
'Respect for nature: a theory of environmental ethics', ().
-
Van der Spiegel, M., Noordam, M.Y. and Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., 2013. Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12: 662-678.
'Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production ' () 12 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety : 662 -678.
-
Van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G. and Vantomme, P., 2013. Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper 171. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
'Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security ', in FAO Forestry Paper 171 , ().
-
Van Huis, A., Dicke, M. and Van Loon, J.J.A., 2015. Insects to feed the world. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1: 3-5.
Insects to feed the world Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1 3 5
-
Verbeke, W., 2015. Profiling consumers who are ready to adopt insects as a meat substitute in a Western society. Food Quality and Preference 39: 147-155.
'Profiling consumers who are ready to adopt insects as a meat substitute in a Western society ' () 39 Food Quality and Preference : 147 -155.
-
Verbeke, W., Spranghers, T., De Clercq, P., De Smet, S., Sas, B. and Eeckhout, M., 2015. Insects in animal feed: acceptance and its determinants among farmers, agriculture sector stakeholders and citizens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 204: 72-87.
'Insects in animal feed: acceptance and its determinants among farmers, agriculture sector stakeholders and citizens ' () 204 Animal Feed Science and Technology : 72 -87.
-
Vilcinskas, A., 2011. Insect biotechnology. Springer International Publisher, New York, NY, USA.
'Insect biotechnology', ().
-
Weiss, P., 1950. Man’s freedom. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA.
'Man’s freedom', ().
-
Wigglesworth, V.B., 1980. Do insects feel pain? Antenna 4: 8-9.
'Do insects feel pain? ' () 4 Antenna : 8 -9.
-
Workman, P., Aboagye, E.O., Balkwill, F., Balmain, A., Bruder, G., Chaplin, D.J., Double, J.A., Everitt, J., Farningham, D.A.H., Glennie, M.J., Kelland, L.R., Robinson, V., Stratford, I.J., Tozer, G.M., Watson, S., Wedge, S.R., Eccles, S.A. and an ad hoc committee of the National Cancer Research Institute, 2010. Guidelines for the welfare and use of animals in cancer research. British Journal of Cancer 102: 1555-1577.
Guidelines for the welfare and use of animals in cancer research British Journal of Cancer 102 1555 1577
-
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), 1987. Our common future. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
-
Yeates, J., Röcklinsberg, H. and Gjerris, M., 2011. Science in regulation: a critique of policymaking based solely on animal welfare science. Animal Welfare 20: 423-432.
'Science in regulation: a critique of policymaking based solely on animal welfare science ' () 20 Animal Welfare : 423 -432.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 560 | 356 | 48 |
| Full Text Views | 68 | 32 | 3 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 100 | 75 | 8 |
Ethical aspects of insect production for food and feed
In: Journal of Insects as Food and FeedSearch for other papers by M. Gjerris in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by C. Gamborg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by H. Röcklinsberg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Given a growing global human population and high pressures on resources, interest in insects as a source of protein for human food (entomophagy) and for animal feed is growing. So far, the main issues discussed have been the embedded technical challenges of scaling up the production. The use of insects as a major human food and feed source is thought to present two major challenges: (1) how to turn insects into safe, tasty socially acceptable feed and food; and (2) how to cheaply yet sustainably produce enough insects? Entomophagy, however, as any utilisation of animals and the rest of nature also entails ethical issues – both regarding the impact on human health, the environment and climate change and regarding production methods such as intensification and biotechnology. The aim of the paper is to give a systematic overview of ethical aspects embedded in the notion of utilising insects as protein providers in the Western food and feed production chains. We identify five areas where ethical questions are especially pertinent: environmental impact, human and animal health, human preferences and social acceptability, animal welfare and finally broader animal ethics issues. Especially the latter two are more scantly dealt with in the literature. This part of the review will therefore contain suggestions for ethical issues that should be examined closer.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 560 | 356 | 48 |
| Full Text Views | 68 | 32 | 3 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 100 | 75 | 8 |