Hermetia illucens meal is one of the most promising alternatives to fishmeal and soymeal. Fat oxidation quality of these products is crucial, as it directly influences the palatability of feed, and health of animals consuming it. During this study, oxidative quality of commercialH. illucens meal, fishmeal and soymeal was evaluated by measuring fatty acid profile, free fatty acid content, peroxide value,p-anisidine value and electron spin resonance spectra of lipid free radicals. Fishmeal and soymeal used in this study had antioxidants, either added (in fishmeal), or naturally present (in soymeal), whereasH. illucens meal had no added antioxidants. Results indicate that fishmeal contain high levels of lipid free radicals and secondary oxidation products, which may adversely affect the health of the animal consuming it. In contrast,H. illucens meal and soymeal are stable in terms of oxidative quality. The majority of soymeal consumed in Europe originates from South America, where soy farming is linked to several social and environmental challenges.H. illucens meal could be a local and sustainable alternative to fishmeal and soymeal. Oxidative stability ofH. illucens meal could be attributed to the short supply chain and careful design of the thermal processing step. In case ofH. illucens meal, thermal processing is effective enough to deactivate sn-1,3-lipase, while causing minimal damage to unsaturated triglycerides.H. illucens meal contain high levels of saturated fats and is thermally processed at mild conditions in comparison to fishmeal and soymeal. This may offer advantage toH. illucens meal in terms of fat oxidation quality.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Ahmed, M., Pickova, J., Ahmad, T., Liaquat, M., Farid, A. and Jahangir, M., 2016. Oxidation of lipids in foods. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 32(3): 230-238.https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2016.32.3.230.238
Akoh, C.C. and Min, D.M., 2002. Food lipids: chemistry, nutrition, and biotechnology, 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
'Food lipids: chemistry, nutrition, and biotechnology, 2nd edition', ().
Alencar, E.R., Faroni, L.R.D., Peternelli, L.A., Da Silva, M.T.C. and Costa, A.R., 2010. Influence of soybean storage conditions on crude oil quality. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 14(3): 303-308.https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662010000300010
Andersen, M.L. and Skibsted, L.H., 2006. ESR spectroscopy for the study of oxidative processes in food and beverages. In: Webb, G.A. (ed.) Modern magnetic resonance. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 1861-1866.https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3910-7_212
American Oil Chemists’s Society (AOCS), 2017. AOCS official methods. AOCS, Urbana, IL, USA. Available at:https://www.aocs.org/attain-lab-services/methods?SSO=True
Arsiwalla, T. and Aarts K.W.P., 2015. United States Patent Application: 0150374005 – method to convert insects or worms into nutrient streams and compositions obtained thereby. 20150374005, issued A1. Available at:http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=20150374005
Banaszkiewicz, T., 2011. Nutritional value of soybean meal. In: El-Shemy, H. (ed.) Soybean and nutrition. IntechOpen, London, UK.
'Nutritional value of soybean meal', ().
Barragan-Fonseca, K.B., Dicke, M. and Van Loon, J.J.A., 2017. Nutritional value of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and its suitability as animal feed – a review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 3(2): 105-120.https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2016.0055
Belghit, I., Liland, N.S., Gjesdal, P., Biancarosa, I., Menchetti, E., Li, Y., Waagbø, R., Krogdahl, Å. and Lock, E., 2018. Black soldier fly larvae meal can replace fish meal in diets of sea-water phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 503: 609-619.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.12.032
Błaszczyk, A., Augustyniak, A. and Skolimowski, J., 2013. Ethoxyquin: an antioxidant used in animal feed. International Journal of Food Science 2013: 585931.https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/585931
Boerema, A., Peeters, A., Swolfs, S., Vandevenne, F., Jacobs, S., Staes, J. and Meire, P., 2016. Soybean trade: balancing environmental and socio-economic impacts of an intercontinental market. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0155222.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155222
Borgogno, M., Dinnella, C., Iaconisi, V., Fusi, R., Scarpaleggia, C., Schiavone, A., Monteleone, E., Gasco, L. and Parisi, G., 2017. Inclusion ofHermetia illucens larvae meal on Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feed: effect on sensory profile according to static and dynamic evaluations. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97(10): 3402-3411.https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8191
Bosch, G., Zhang, S., Oonincx, D.G.A.B. and Hendriks, W.H., 2014. Protein quality of insects as potential ingredients for dog and cat foods. Journal of Nutritional Science 3: e29.https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2014.23
Chen, Y.-J., Liu, Y.-J., Yang, H.-J., Yuan, Y., Liu, F.-J., Tian, L.-X., Liang, G.-Y. and Yuan, R.-M., 2012. Effect of dietary oxidized fish oil on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant defence mechanism and liver histology of juvenile Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture Nutrition 18(3): 321-331.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00900.x
Choe, E. and Min, D.B., 2006. Mechanisms and factors for edible oil oxidation. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 5(4): 169-186.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2006.00009.x
Cosgrove, J.P., Church, D.F. and Pryor, W.A., 1987. The kinetics of the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 22(5): 299-304.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02533996
Deutsch, L., Gräslund, S., Folke, C., Troell, M., Huitric, M., Kautsky, N. and Lebel, L., 2007. Feeding aquaculture growth through globalization: exploitation of marine ecosystems for fishmeal. Global Environmental Change 17(2): 238-249.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.08.004
European Union, 2009. European Union (EU) 2009. Regulation (EC) No. 152/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on official controls performed to ensure the verification of compliance with feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules. Official Journal of the European Union L54: 1-130.
Falade, A.O. and Oboh, G., 2015. Thermal oxidation induces lipid peroxidation and changes in the physicochemical properties and β-carotene content of Arachis oil. International Journal of Food Science, Article ID: e806524.https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/806524
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO), 1999. CODEX standard for named animal fats (CODEX-STAN 211-1999). Joint FAO and WHO, Rome, Italy. Available at:http://www.fao.org/3/y2774e/y2774e05.htm
Frankel, E.N., 2014. Lipid oxidation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
'Lipid oxidation', ().
Gamsız, K., Korkut, A.Y. and Kop, A., 2019. Comparison of fatty acid compositions of commercial fish and fish by-products oils used in fish feed industry in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology 7(11): 1941-1946.https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i11.1941-1946.2901
Garcia, D., Lima, D., Da Silva, D.G.H. and De Almeida, E.A., 2020. Decreased malondialdehyde levels in fish (Astyanax altiparanae) exposed to diesel: evidence of metabolism by aldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver and excretion in water. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 190: 110107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110107
Gasco, L., Biasato, I., Dabbou, S., Schiavone, A. and Gai, F., 2019. Animals fed insect-based diets: state-of-the-art on digestibility, performance and product quality. Animals 9(4): 170.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040170
Gordon, M.H., 2001. Measuring antioxidant activity. In: Pokorny, J., Yanishlieva, N. and Gordon, M. (eds.) Antioxidants in food. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp. 71-84.https://doi.org/10.1016/9781855736160.1.71
Gray, J.I., 1978. Measurement of lipid oxidation: a review. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 55(6): 539-546.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02668066
Hahn, T., Tafi, E., Paul, A., Salvia, R., Falabella, P. and Zibek, S., 2020. Current state of chitin purification and chitosan production from insects. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 95(11): 2775-2795.https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6533
Hatt, S., Uyttenbroeck, R., Lopes, T.M., Paul, A., Danthine, S., Bodson, B., Piqueray, J., Monty, A. and Francis, F., 2015. Do wildflower strips favor insect pest populations at field margins? Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6: 30-37.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.034
He, W., Liu, Y., Wamer, W.G. and Yin, J.-J., 2014. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy for the study of nanomaterial-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Nanomaterials – Toxicology and Medical Applications 22(1): 49-63.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.004
Hilmarsdottir, G.S., Ogmundarson, Ó., Arason, S. and Gudjónsdóttir, M., 2020. The effects of varying heat treatments on lipid composition during pelagic fishmeal production. Processes 8(9): 1142.https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091142
Hu, M. and Jacobsen, C. (eds.), 2016. Oxidative stability and shelf life of foods containing oils and fats. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.https://doi.org/10.1016/C2015-0-00077-6
Huang, S.-W., Frankel, E.N. and German, J.B., 1995. Effects of individual tocopherols and tocopherol mixtures on the oxidative stability of corn oil triglycerides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43(9): 2345-2350.https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00057a006
Hwang, I.K., Yoon, Y.S., Yoo, K.-Y., Li, H., Choi, J.H., Kim, D.W., Yi, S.S., Seong, J.K., Lee, I.E. and Won, M.-H., 2008. Differences in lipid peroxidation and Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase in the hippocampal CA1 Region between adult and aged dogs. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 70(3): 273-277.https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.70.273
International Platform of Insects for Food and Feed (IPIFF), 2020. Promoting insects for human consumption & animal feed. IPIFF, Brussels, Belgium. Available at:http://ipiff.org/
Ismail, A., Bannenberg, G., Rice, H.B., Schutt, E. and MacKay, D., 2016. Oxidation in EPA- and DHA-rich oils: an overview. Lipid Technology 28(3-4): 55-59.https://doi.org/10.1002/lite.201600013
Kim, E.H., Kim, S.H., Chung J.I., Chi, H.Y., Kim, J.A. and Chung, I.M., 2005. Analysis of phenolic compounds and isoflavones in soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merill) and sprouts grown under different conditions. European Food Research and Technology 222(1): 201.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-005-0153-4
Kim, W., Bae, S., Park, K., Lee, S., Choi, Y., Han, S. and Koh, Y., 2011. Biochemical characterization of digestive enzymes in the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 14(1): 11-14.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2010.11.003
Koning, A.J., Mol, T., Przybylak, P.F. and Thornton, S.J., 1990. The free fatty acid content of fish oil. Part II: the effect of anchovy quality on the free fatty acid content of the resulting anchovy oil and meal. Lipid / Fett 92(5): 193-197.https://doi.org/10.1002/lipi.19900920506
Koppel, K., Adhikari, K. and Di Donfrancesco, B., 2013. Volatile compounds in dry dog foods and their influence on sensory aromatic profile. Molecules 18(3): 2646-2662.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18032646
Larouche, J., Deschamps, M.-H., Saucier, L., Lebeuf, Y., Doyen, A. and Vandenberg, G., 2019. Effects of killing methods on lipid oxidation, colour and microbial load of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Animals 9(4): 182.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040182
Mouithys-Mickalad, A., Schmitt, E., Dalim, M., Franck, T., Martin Tome, N., Van Spankeren, M., Serteyn, D. and Paul, A., 2020. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae protein derivatives: Potential to promote animal health. Animals 10(6): 941.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10060941
Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut, 2020. NEN standards. NEN, Delft, the Netherlands.
Niehoff, B., 2014. Enzyme activities inCalanus finmarchicus across the North Atlantic – a comparison of populations from different longitudes. MSc-thesis, University of Bremen, Germany.https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.835177
Nygaard, H., 2010. Standard Norwegian fishmeal-and fishoil process. Heat treatment requirements. Report 33/2010. Nofima, Breivika, Norway. Available at:https://nofima.no/en/publication/1172327/
Paul, A., 2017. Field border flowering strips as a source of valuable compounds. Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/211873
Paul, A., Frederich, M., Uyttenbroeck, R., Malik, P., Filocco, S., Richel, A., Heuskin, S., Alabi, T., Caparros Megido, R., Franck, T., Bindelle, J., Maesen, P., Francis, F., Lognay, G., Blecker, C., Haubruge, E. and Danthine, S., 2016. Nutritional composition and rearing potential of the Meadow grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus Zetterstedt). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 19(4): 1111-1116.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2016.09.012
Paul, A., Masih, D., Masih, J. and Malik, P., 2012. Comparative analysis of heat degradation of oryzanol in rice bran oil, mustard oil and sunflower oil by microwave and pan heating. International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences 1(1): 110.
'Comparative analysis of heat degradation of oryzanol in rice bran oil, mustard oil and sunflower oil by microwave and pan heating ' () 1 International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences : 110.
Protix, 2020. Protix – reliably supplying insect ingredients. Protix, Dongen, the Netherlands.
Rubio-Rodríguez, N., De Diego, S.M., Beltrán, S., Jaime, I., Sanz, M.T. and Rovira, J., 2012. Supercritical fluid extraction of fish oil from fish by-products: a comparison with other extraction methods. Journal of Food Engineering 109(2): 238-248.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.011
Russo, C. and Bracarense, A.P.F.R.L., 2016. Oxidative stress in dogs. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37(3): 1431-1440.https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1431
Schiavone, A., Dabbou, S., De Marco, M., Cullere, M., Biasato, I., Biasibetti, E., Capucchio, M.T., Bergagna, S., Dezzutto, D., Meneguz, M., Gai, F., Dalle Zotte, A. and Gasco, L., 2018. Black soldier fly larva fat inclusion in finisher broiler chicken diet as an alternative fat source. Animal: An International Journal of Animal Bioscience 12(10): 2032-2039.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117003743
Sogari, G.M.A., Biasato, I., Chiesa, S. and Gasco, L., 2019. The potential role of insects as feed: a multi-perspective review. Animals 9(4): 119.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040119
Star, L., Arsiwalla, T., Molist, F., Leushuis, R., Dalim, M. and Paul, A., 2020. Gradual provision of live black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae to older laying hens: effect on production performance, egg quality, feather condition and behavior. Animals 10(2): 216.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020216
Steele, R., (ed.), 2004. Understanding and measuring the shelf-life of food. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK.
'Understanding and measuring the shelf-life of food', ().
Thomsen, M.K., Kristensen, D. and Skibsted, L.H., 2000. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy for determination of the oxidative stability of food lipids. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 77(7): 725-730.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-000-0117-2
Turan, H., Kaya, Y. and Erkoyuncu, I., 2007. Protein and lipid content and fatty acid composition of anchovy meal produced in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 31(2): 113-117.
'Protein and lipid content and fatty acid composition of anchovy meal produced in Turkey ' () 31 Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences : 113 -117.
Turner, R., McLean, C.H. and Silvers, K.M., 2006. Are the health benefits of fish oils limited by products of oxidation? Nutrition Research Reviews 19(1): 53-62.https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR2006117
Witte, N.H., 1995. Soybean meal processing and utilization. In: Erickson, D.R. (ed.) Practical handbook of soybean processing and utilization. AOCS Press, Urbana, IL, USA, pp. 93-116.
'Soybean meal processing and utilization ', () 93 -116.
Yagi, K., 1987. Lipid peroxides and human diseases. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 45(2): 337-351.https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-3084(87)90071-5
Yang, X., Chen, J., Zhang, C., Chen, H. and Liu, Y., 2012. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of fermented soybean meal extract. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6(24): 1774-1781.https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP12.392
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 184 | 115 | 13 |
Full Text Views | 21 | 4 | 2 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 25 | 8 | 1 |
Hermetia illucens meal is one of the most promising alternatives to fishmeal and soymeal. Fat oxidation quality of these products is crucial, as it directly influences the palatability of feed, and health of animals consuming it. During this study, oxidative quality of commercialH. illucens meal, fishmeal and soymeal was evaluated by measuring fatty acid profile, free fatty acid content, peroxide value,p-anisidine value and electron spin resonance spectra of lipid free radicals. Fishmeal and soymeal used in this study had antioxidants, either added (in fishmeal), or naturally present (in soymeal), whereasH. illucens meal had no added antioxidants. Results indicate that fishmeal contain high levels of lipid free radicals and secondary oxidation products, which may adversely affect the health of the animal consuming it. In contrast,H. illucens meal and soymeal are stable in terms of oxidative quality. The majority of soymeal consumed in Europe originates from South America, where soy farming is linked to several social and environmental challenges.H. illucens meal could be a local and sustainable alternative to fishmeal and soymeal. Oxidative stability ofH. illucens meal could be attributed to the short supply chain and careful design of the thermal processing step. In case ofH. illucens meal, thermal processing is effective enough to deactivate sn-1,3-lipase, while causing minimal damage to unsaturated triglycerides.H. illucens meal contain high levels of saturated fats and is thermally processed at mild conditions in comparison to fishmeal and soymeal. This may offer advantage toH. illucens meal in terms of fat oxidation quality.
All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 184 | 115 | 13 |
Full Text Views | 21 | 4 | 2 |
PDF Views & Downloads | 25 | 8 | 1 |